Group differences on decoding accuracy between Experiments I, II, and III. Compared to the healthy participants in Experiments I and II, participants with Internet‐gaming disorder and smokers in Experiment III showed significantly lower decoding accuracy from the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) and the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC), respectively. *Significant at p < .05; n.s., not significant; error bars, SEM