Figure 1. Overview of Study Designs for Each Substudy.

Exposures were separate classes of common antidiabetic medications (metformin, sulfonylurea, insulin) and all combined. BPH indicates benign prostatic hyperplasia; PSA, prostate-specific antigen; and 5-ARI, 5α-reductase inhibitors. To convert PSA to micrograms per liter, multiply by 1.0.