Table 3. Odds Ratios for Prostate Cancer Detected at First Biopsy According to Length of Time Using Antidiabetic Medications and PSA Value Triggering Biopsy in 32 123 Participantsa.
| Antidiabetic Medication | Metformin | Sulfonylurea | Insulin | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. Exposed | OR (95% CI) | No. Exposed | OR (95% CI) | No. Exposed | OR (95% CI) | |
| Any previous use | 1974 | 1.03 (0.92-1.16) | 878 | 1.10 (0.93-1.30) | 900 | 0.96 (0.82-1.13) |
| Years of previous useb | ||||||
| <1 | 412 | 1.19 (0.96-1.47) | 213 | 0.95 (0.71-1.27) | 175 | 1.01 (0.73-1.41) |
| 1 to <2 | 325 | 0.93 (0.73-1.18) | 156 | 1.09 (0.77-1.54) | 140 | 0.92 (0.64-1.31) |
| 2 to <3 | 262 | 0.98 (0.75-1.27) | 104 | 1.06 (0.72-1.56) | 85 | 0.90 (0.57-1.41) |
| 3 to <4 | 205 | 0.99 (0.74-1.32) | 102 | 1.20 (0.81-1.78) | 99 | 0.97 (0.64-1.46) |
| ≥4 | 770 | 1.01 (0.85-1.20) | 303 | 1.16 (0.90-1.49) | 401 | 0.99 (0.80-1.23) |
| Any previous use, stratified by trigger PSA, ng/mLc | ||||||
| <3 | 285 | 1.02 (0.72-1.44) | 133 | 0.88 (0.53-1.46) | 133 | 0.83 (0.51-1.36) |
| 3 to <6 | 738 | 1.00 (0.83-1.20) | 284 | 1.02 (0.78-1.35) | 290 | 0.90 (0.69-1.17) |
| 6 to <10 | 468 | 1.17 (0.94-1.45) | 210 | 1.23 (0.91-1.66) | 208 | 1.14 (0.85-1.53) |
| 10 to <20 | 247 | 0.96 (0.71-1.31) | 108 | 1.09 (0.72-1.63) | 123 | 0.92 (0.63-1.36) |
| ≥20 | 163 | 0.95 (0.60-1.52) | 100 | 1.16 (0.66-2.02) | 97 | 1.15 (0.64-2.05) |
Abbreviations: OR, odds ratio; PSA, prostate specific antigen.
SI conversion factor: To convert PSA to μg/L, multiply by 1.0.
a
Multivariable logistic regression simultaneously adjusting for age at biopsy, log of trigger PSA, Charlson Comorbidity Index score, education level, civil status, family history of prostate cancer, and simultaneous exposure to other diabetes medications (first biopsy only).
b
Total years of use from first to last prescription before biopsy, assessed in a single model with participants never exposed to a specific class of antidiabetic medications as the reference.
c
Separate models comparing prior exposure to antidiabetic medications with no exposure, within subcategories of PSA concentration triggering referral for biopsy.