Table 1.
Demographic and clinical data
| Characteristic | SCZ (n = 48) | BD (n = 46) | HC (n = 48) | Group comparison |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | 31M 17F | 23M 23F | 21M 27F | x 2 (2) = 4.37, p = .11 |
| Handedness | 41R 7L | 41R 4L | 41R 7L | x 2 (2) = 0.89, p = .64 |
| Ethnicity | ||||
| % Hispanic | 25.0 | 26.1 | 18.8 | x 2 (2) = 0.83, p = .66 |
| Race | ||||
| % Caucasian | 60.4 | 71.1 | 47.9 | x 2 (6) = 7.39, p = .29 |
| % African American | 25.0 | 13.3 | 31.3 | |
| % Asian | 4.2 | 2.2 | 8.3 | |
| % other | 10.4 | 13.3 | 12.5 | |
| Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 46.02 (11.47) | 43.98 (12.56) | 47.27 (8.10) | F(2,139) = 1.10, p = .34 |
| Personal education | 12.94 (2.13) | 14.13 (2.31) | 14.35 (1.77) |
F(2,138) = 6.43, p = .002 SCZ < HC, p = .003 SCZ < BD, p = .02 BD = HC |
| Parental education | 12.98 (2.85) | 14.02 (2.64) | 13.59 (2.89) | F(2,130) = 1.56, p = .22 |
| Age of onset | 22.40 (7.68) | 20.66 (9.16) | t(86) = 0.97, p = .33 | |
| No. hospitalizations | 6.67 (6.44) | 5.28 (7.52) | t(86) = 0.94, p = .35 | |
| CPZ equivalent | 350.52 (253.34) | 303.165 (208.67) | t(59) = 0.76, p = .45 | |
| BPRS total | 39.29 (10.43) | 33.25 (5.33) | t(91) = 3.48, p = .001 | |
| CAINS | ||||
| Motivation | 1.62 (0.66) | 1.06 (0.65) | t(92) = 4.14, p < .001 | |
| Expressive | 1.12 (0.88) | 0.45 (0.56) | t(92) = 4.36, p < .001 | |
| YMRS total | 4.58 (4.05) | 3.39 (4.43) | t(92) = 1.36, p = .18 | |
| HAMD (21‐item total) | 5.94 (4.97) | 6.24 (4.55) | t(92) = −0.31, p = .76 | |
Abbreviations: BD, bipolar disorder; BPRS, Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale; CAINS, Clinical Assessment Interview for Negative Symptoms; CPZ equivalent, chlorpromazine equivalent; F, female; HAMD, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale; HC, healthy controls; L, left; M, male; R, right; SCZ, schizophrenia; SD, standard deviation; YMRS, Young Mania Rating Scale.