Table 4.
Results from multivariable logistic regression of neighbourhood characteristics on exclusive breastfeeding ≥3 months adjusted for familial‐ and individual‐level factors
| Model 1 OR (95% CI) | Model 2 OR (95% CI) | Model 3 OR (95% CI) | Full adjustment OR (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| IMD | ||||
| Highest quintile | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) |
| 2nd highest | 0.91 (0.77, 1.08) | 0.95 (0.80, 1.12) | 1.07 (0.91, 1.25) | 1.08 (0.92, 1.25) |
| Middle quintile | 0.69 (0.56, 0.84)** | 0.74 (0.60, 0.91)** | 1.02 (0.84, 1.23) | 1.01 (0.83, 1.22) |
| 2nd lowest | 0.47 (0.38, 0.57)** | 0.54 (0.44, 0.67)*** | 0.90 (0.74, 1.08) | 0.88 (0.73, 1.07) |
| Lowest quintile | 0.35 (0.28, 0.45)*** | 0.44 (0.34, 0.58)*** | 0.96 (0.75, 1.23) | 0.86 (0.67, 1.11) |
| Neighbourhood satisfaction | ||||
| Very satisfied | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | |
| Fairly satisfied | 0.88 (0.77, 1.00)* | 0.94 (0.83, 1.07) | 0.97 (0.85, 1.10) | |
| Neither | 0.83 (0.66, 1.05) | 0.89 (0.69, 1.14) | 0.95 (0.74, 1.21) | |
| Fairly dissatisfied | 0.80 (0.63, 1.00) | 0.82 (0.65, 1.04) | 0.88 (0.70, 1.11) | |
| Very dissatisfied | 0.66 (0.49, 0.90)** | 0.78 (0.57, 1.07) | 0.88 (0.64, 1.21) | |
| Neighbourhood friendliness | ||||
| Friendly | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | |
| Neither | 0.97 (0.82, 1.14) | 1.00 (0.85, 1.18) | 1.03 (0.87, 1.22) | |
| Unfriendly | 1.01 (0.73, 1.39) | 1.22 (0.87, 1.73) | 1.28 (0.90, 1.82) | |
| Cannot say | 0.82 (0.56, 1.19) | 0.95 (0.64, 1.41) | 0.98 (0.66, 1.46) | |
| Neighbourhood safety (child) | ||||
| Yes | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | |
| No | 0.74 (0.65, 0.84)*** | 0.83 (0.74, 0.93)** | 0.84 (0.75, 0.95)** | |
| Maternal age | 1.06 (1.05, 1.07)*** | 1.06 (1.05, 1.07)*** | ||
| Household income | ||||
| Highest quintile | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | ||
| 2nd highest | 0.91 (0.78, 1.06) | 0.93 (0.79, 1.09) | ||
| Middle quintile | 0.92 (0.76, 1.10) | 0.96 (0.80, 1.16) | ||
| 2nd lowest | 0.99 (0.82, 1.21) | 1.05 (0.85, 1.29) | ||
| Lowest quintile | 0.91 (0.72, 1.14) | 1.08 (0.85, 1.37) | ||
| Household social class | ||||
| Manage and professional | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | ||
| Intermediate | 0.75 (0.63, 0.90)** | 0.77 (0.64, 0.92)** | ||
| Small and self‐employed | 0.78 (0.62, 0.97)* | 0.77 (0.61, 0.96)* | ||
| Low sup. and technical | 0.60 (0.49, 0.74)*** | 0.64 (0.52, 0.79)*** | ||
| Semiroutine and routine | 0.58 (0.47, 0.71)*** | 0.62 (0.51, 0.76)*** | ||
| Never worked | 0.72 (0.49, 1.05) | 0.70 (0.48, 1.03) | ||
| Not classifiable | 0.53 (0.29, 0.95)* | 0.54 (0.30, 0.97)* | ||
| Maternal education | ||||
| NVQ levels 4 and 5 | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | ||
| NVQ level 3 | 0.70 (0.60, 0.82)*** | 0.73 (0.62, 0.85)*** | ||
| NVQ level 2 | 0.50 (0.44, 0.58)*** | 0.52 (0.45, 0.60)*** | ||
| NVQ level 1 | 0.31 (0.24, 0.40)*** | 0.33 (0.25, 0.42)*** | ||
| None | 0.38 (0.30, 0.49)*** | 0.38 (0.30, 0.48)*** | ||
| Overseas qualification | 1.15 (0.82, 1.61) | 0.99 (0.70, 1.40) | ||
| Maternal ethnicity | ||||
| White | 1 (Ref) | |||
| Mixed | 2.46 (1.68, 3.60)*** | |||
| Indian | 1.43 (1.03, 1.98)* | |||
| Pakistani and Bangladeshi | 1.96 (1.40, 2.75)*** | |||
| Black/Black British | 1.62 (1.22, 2.16)** | |||
| Other ethnic group | 1.48 (1.01, 2.17)* | |||
| Household structure | ||||
| Two parents | 1 (Ref) | |||
| Single parent | 0.70 (0.57, 0.85)** | |||
| Maternal general health | ||||
| Excellent | 1 (ref) | |||
| Good | 0.78 (0.70, 0.87)*** | |||
| Fair | 0.55 (0.44, 0.68)*** | |||
| Poor |
0.38 (0.25, 0.57)*** |
|||
| Maternal longstanding illness | ||||
| No | 1 (Ref) | |||
| Yes | 0.95 (0.83, 1.08) | |||
| Residential mobility | ||||
| >5 years and over | 1 (Ref) | |||
| >1 up to 5 years | 1.09 (0.97, 1.23) | |||
| Up to 1 year | 1.06 (0.88, 1.28) |
*
p Value <.05,
**
p Value <.01,
***
p Value <.001.