Table 4.
Associations of dietary and exposure variables with socioeconomic status (Index of Multiple Deprivation Quintile)
| IMD quintile | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | p | |
| Maternal Vitamin D intake (Baseline)—mg/day | ||||||
|
Supplementation |
35/39 (90%) | 64/76 (84%) | 85/111 (77%) | 98/131 (75%) | 165/264 (62%) | <.001 |
|
Dietary |
3.1 (1.9–4.8) | 2.9 (2.1–3.9) | 3 (1.7–4.2) | 3 (2.0–4.7) | 2.5 (1.5–3.7) | .015 |
| Total | 12.8 (11.6–14.1) | 12.8 (11.5–13.9) | 12.4 (10.6–13.6) | 12.5 (8.8–14) |
11.4 (3.0–13.1) |
<.001 |
| Maternal Exposures (Baseline) | ||||||
| Smoking | 0/39 (0%) | 5/76 (7%) | 5/111 (5%) | 14/131 (11%) | 42/264 (16%) | .001 |
| Time outside | ||||||
| less < 15 min | 1/39 (3%) | 7/76 (9%) | 9/111 (8%) | 7/131 (5%) | 8/264 (3%) | .028 |
| 15–30 min | 16/39 (41%) | 26/76 (34%) | 40/111 (36%) | 33/131 (25%) | 70/264 (27%) | |
| 30 min–2 hrs | 18/39 (46%) | 36/76 (47%) | 52/111 (47%) | 79/131 (60%) | 141/264 (53%) | |
|
>2 hrs |
4/39 (10%) | 7/76 (9%) | 10/111 (9%) | 12/131 (9%) | 45/264 (17%) | |
| Travelled abroad | 6/39 (15%) | 16/76 (21%) | 25/111 (23%) | 27/131 (21%) | 33/264 (12%) | .083 |
| Maternal Vitamin D intake (4 months) ‐ mg/day | ||||||
| Supplementation |
12/28 (43%) |
18/48 (38%) |
26/61 (43%) |
36/79 (46%) |
52/138 (38%) | .8 |
| Dietary |
3.7 (1.9–5.3) |
2.8 (1.8–4.5) |
2.7 (2.1–3.5) |
3 (1.8–4.8) |
2.8 (1.9–4.5) | .652 |
| Total |
6.7 (3.8–12.2) |
4.5 (2–13.4) |
4.7 (2.5–12.6) |
7.6 (2.8–12.9) |
4.8 (2.2–12.3) | .626 |
| Maternal Exposures (4 months) | ||||||
| Smoking | 1/28 (4%) | 1/47 (2%) | 1/61 (2%) | 7/79 (9%) | 26/138 (19%) | <.001 |
| Time outside | ||||||
| less < 15 min | 1/28 (4%) | 1/46 (2%) | 0/61 (0%) | 4/79 (5%) | 5/138 (4%) | .322 |
| 15–30 min | 10/28 (36%) | 8/46 (17%) | 19/61 (31%) | 17/79 (22%) | 32/138 (23%) | |
| 30 min–2 hrs | 17/28 (61%) | 29/46 (63%) | 35/61 (57%) | 43/79 (54%) | 83/138 (60%) | |
| >2 hrs | 0/28 (0%) | 8/46 (17%) | 7/61 (11%) | 15/79 (19%) | 18/138 (13%) | |
| Travelled abroad |
4/28 (14%) |
7/47 (15%) |
12/61 (20%) |
9/79 (11%) |
8/138 (6%) |
.055 |
| Infant Feeding (4 months) | ||||||
| Type of feeding | ||||||
| Breast | 16/28 (57%) | 18/48 (38%) | 23/61 (38%) | 27/79 (34%) | 31/138 (22%) | .005 |
| Mixed | 7/28 (25%) | 14/48 (29%) | 18/61 (30%) | 20/79 (25%) | 33/138 (24%) | |
| Formula | 5/28 (18%) | 16/48 (33%) | 20/61 (33%) | 32/79 (41%) | 74/138 (54%) | |
| Supplements | 2/28 (7%) | 2/48 (4%) | 5/61 (8%) | 17/79 (22%) | 36/138 (26%) | <.001 |
Values are number/denominator (%) or median (IQR). P values are from a χ2 or Kruskall–Wallis test comparing across quintiles.
Based on the full 630 participants who completed the baseline questionnaire, excluding 9 who failed to provide valid postcode data.