Table 3.
Number (percentage) of pregnant Ghanaian women with abnormal hemoglobin, and iron status and inflammatory markers at baseline and 36 weeks of gestation, by intervention group and pairwise relative risks (RR) between groups*
| IFA† [N = 349] | MMN† [N = 354] | LNS† [N = 354] | P ‡ | Comparison of IFA and MMN§ | Comparison of IFA and LNS§ | Comparison of MMN and LNS§ | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| RR (95% CI) | P | RR (95% CI) | P | RR (95% CI) | P | |||||
| Low Hb (<100 g/L)¶ | ||||||||||
| Baseline | 39/349 (11.2) | 51/354 (14.4) | 47/354 (13.3) | 1.29 (0.81, 2.05) | 1.19 (0.74, 1.91) | 0.92 (0.59, 1.43) | ||||
| 36 GW | 6/270 (2.2) | 17/291 (5.8) | 21/266 (7.9) | 0.019 | 2.63 (0.88, 7.86) | 0.09 | 3.55 (1.22, 10.3) | 0.013 | 1.35 (0.65, 2.83) | 0.60 |
| Low Hb (<110 g/L)1 | ||||||||||
| Baseline | 139/349 (39.8) | 157/354 (44.4) | 134/354 (37.9) | 1.11 (0.90, 1.37) | 0.95 (0.76, 1.19) | 0.85 (0.69, 1.06) | ||||
| 36 GW | 38/270 (14.1) | 69/291 (23.7) | 88/266 (33.1) | <0.001 | 1.68 (1.10, 2.59) | 0.011 | 2.35 (1.56, 3.53) | <0.001 | 1.40 (1.01, 1.92) | 0.038 |
| High Hb∥ | ||||||||||
| Baseline | 21/349 (6.0) | 15/354 (4.2) | 16/354 (4.5) | 0.70 (0.33, 1.52) | 0.75 (0.35, 1.60) | 1.07 (0.47, 2.43) | ||||
| 36 GW | 42/270 (15.6) | 32/291 (11.0) | 28/266 (10.5) | 0.15 | 0.71 (0.42, 1.18) | 0.25 | 0.68 (0.40, 1.16) | 0.20 | 0.96 (0.54, 1.70) | 0.98 |
| Elevated ZPP** | ||||||||||
| Baseline | 40/347 (11.5) | 54/354 (15.3) | 46/354 (13.0) | 1.32 (0.84, 2.09) | 1.13 (0.70, 1.81) | 0.85 (0.55, 1.32) | ||||
| 36 GW | 25/267 (9.4) | 56/291 (19.2) | 49/264 (18.6) | 0.003 | 2.06 (1.21, 3.48) | 0.003 | 1.98 (1.16, 3.40) | 0.007 | 0.96 (0.64, 1.46) | 0.98 |
| Elevated TfR†† | ||||||||||
| Baseline | 29/338 (8.6) | 29/348 (8.3) | 37/346 (10.7) | 0.97 (0.54, 1.75) | 1.25 (0.72, 2.17) | 1.28 (0.74, 2.23) | ||||
| 36 GW | 24/266 (9.0) | 44/291 (15.1) | 51/265 (19.2) | 0.004 | 1.68 (0.96, 2.94) | 0.08 | 2.13 (1.24, 3.67) | 0.003 | 1.27 (0.82, 1.97) | 0.40 |
| IDA‡‡ | ||||||||||
| Baseline | 20/338 (5.9) | 22/348 (6.3) | 22/346 (6.4) | 1.07 (0.53, 2.15) | 1.07 (0.53, 2.17) | 1.01 (0.51, 1.99) | ||||
| 36 GW | 2/264 (0.8) | 11/291 (3.8) | 11/263 (4.2) | 0.07 | 4.99 (0.83, 29.9) | 0.09 | 5.52 (0.92, 33.1) | 0.06 | 1.11 (0.42, 2.95) | 0.97 |
| IDA§§ | ||||||||||
| Baseline | 36/338 (10.7) | 37/348 (10.6) | 37/346 (10.7) | 1.00 (0.59, 1.68) | 1.00 (0.60, 1.69) | 1.01 (0.60, 1.68) | ||||
| 36 GW | 12/264 (4.5) | 27/291 (9.3) | 41/263 (15.6) | <0.001 | 2.04 (0.93, 4.49) | 0.08 | 3.43 (1.63, 7.20) | <0.001 | 1.68 (0.97, 2.90) | 0.07 |
| Elevated CRP only¶¶ | ||||||||||
| Baseline | 113/338 (33.4) | 108/348 (31.0) | 121/346 (35.0) | 0.93 (0.72, 1.20) | 1.05 (0.82, 1.34) | 1.13 (0.87, 1.45) | ||||
| 36 GW | 49/266 (18.4) | 70/291 (24.1) | 59/265 (22.3) | 0.26 | 1.31 (0.89, 1.93) | 0.24 | 1.21 (0.81, 1.81) | 0.52 | 0.93 (0.64, 1.33) | 0.87 |
| Elevated CRP+AGP∥∥ | ||||||||||
| Baseline | 26/338 (7.7) | 15/348 (4.3) | 11/346 (3.2) | 0.56 (0.27, 1.17) | 0.41 (0.18, 0.94) | 0.74 (0.30, 1.84) | ||||
| 36 GW | 7/266 (2.6) | 9/291 (3.1) | 5/265 (1.9) | 0.67 | 1.18 (0.37, 3.77) | 0.94 | 0.72 (0.18, 2.79) | 0.83 | 0.61 (0.17, 2.22) | 0.64 |
| Elevated AGP only*** | ||||||||||
| Baseline | 3/338 (0.9) | 5/348 (1.4) | 5/346 (1.4) | 1.62 (0.30, 8.88) | 1.63 (0.30, 8.93) | 1.01 (0.23, 4.38) | ||||
| 36 GW | 1/266 (0.4) | 0/291 (0.0) | 1/265 (0.4) | 1.00 | ||||||
IFA = Iron‐Folic Acid group; MMN = Multiple Micronutrients group; LNS = Small Quantity Lipid‐based Nutrient Supplement group. AGP, CRP, GW, Hb, IDA, TfR and ZPP are alpha‐1 acid glycoprotein, C‐reactive protein, gestational weeks, hemoglobin, iron deficiency anemia, transferrin receptor and zinc protoporphyrin, respectively. N = total number of participants in the group in question.
Values are number of participants positive on the variable in question/N (% of participants positive on the variable in question).
P‐values compare all three groups, with Tukey–Kramer adjustment, using logistic regression (SAS PROC LOGISTIC).
Relative Risks, RR(95% CI) and their P‐values are based on Poisson regression (Spiegelman & Hertzmark 2005).
WHO 2011.
Hb >130 g/L (Pena‐Rosas et al. 2012).
ZPP >60.0 (µmol/mol heme).
Hb <100 g/L (WHO/UNICEF/UNU 2001; Nestel & INACG Steering Committee 2002; WHO 2007) and at least one marker of iron deficiency (ZPP >60.0 (µmol/mol heme) or TfR >6.0 mg/L (Pfeiffer et al. 2007; Vandevijvere et al. 2013)).
Hb <110 g/L (WHO 2011) and at least one marker of iron deficiency (ZPP >60.0 (µmol/mol heme) or TfR >6.0 mg/L (Pfeiffer et al. 2007; Vandevijvere et al. 2013)).
CRP >5.0 mg/L and AGP not >1.0 g/L (Thurnham and McCabe, 2012).
CRP >5.0 mg/L and AGP >1.0 g/L (Thurnham and McCabe, 2012).
CRP not >5.0 mg/L and AGP >1.0 g/L (Thurnham and McCabe, 2012).