Table 2.
Study characteristics of the 16 studies included
| Maternal characteristics | Offspring's characteristics | Outcome measurement's characteristics | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
First author; Year; Country |
Study setting; population | Sample size (% female offspring) | Age at enrolment in pregnancy or at delivery (years) | Measurement prepregnancy BMI or weight | Age at outcome measurement (years) | Method (firm name), validation for children or adolescents | Technique of outcome measurement |
|
Daraki; 2015; Greece |
Population‐based cohort study; recruitment of pregnant women (Greek and immigrants) at the time of the first comprehensive ultrasound examination | 618 mother–child pairs (48), sample size for BP analyses: 488 | AD: mean ± SD; no excess weight: 29.87 ± 0.2; overweight or obese: 29.98 ± 0.3 | Self‐reported prepregnancy BMI | Mean ± SD: 4.2 ± 0.2 | Oscillometric method (Dinamap ProCare 400), NR | Seated position, 5 min rest, 1‐min intervals, average of 5 consecutive measurements, child's right arm, and cuff of appropriate size for arm circumference. |
|
Derraik; 2015; New Zealand |
Retrospective analyses of a cohort; participants were identified from the obstetrics database at the National Women's Health, Auckland City Hospital (Auckland, New Zealand) | 54 mothers, 70 offspring (39) |
AD: mean ± SD: 33.0 ± 4.9 AD: range: 17.9–42.0 |
Self‐reported prepregnancy BMI |
Mean ± SD: 8.9 ± 1.9 Range: 4–11 |
Oscillometric method (Spacelab 90217), validated (Redwine, James, O'Riordan, Sullivan, & Blumer, 2015) | Measurements were performed every 20 min from 7:00 to 22:00 and every 30 min from 22:00 to 07:00 (24‐hr ambulatory BP) on the nondominant arm, Spacelabs monitor fitted on the nondominant arm. |
|
Eisenman; 2010; USA |
Secondary data analysis of a longitudinal project; population was recruited in a rural U.S. Midwestern community through written and/or verbal advertisements | 144 mother–child pairs (48.6) | NR: mean ± SD: 30 ± 4 | Self‐reported prepregnancy BMI |
Mean ± SD: 7.3 ± 2.0 Range: 2.9–11.9 |
Auscultation method (NR), recommended method (Lurbe et al., 2009) | 3 measurements, seated for 10 min, 1‐min intervals, mean of 3 values; MAP was calculated as (SBP − DBP/3) + DBP. |
|
Filler; 2011; UK |
Prospective cohort study, sample of patients attending Children's Hospital, London Health Science Centre | 3,024 offspring (45.4) | NR | Self‐reported prepregnancy BMI | Range: 2.05–18.58 | Oscillometric method (Welch Allyn Spot Vital Signs LXi or Dinamap Pro 100, Pro 300, and Dinamap XL Vital Signs Monitor), NR | Seated, calm, second of two measurements performed 5 min apart. |
|
Fraser; 2010; UK |
Prospective population‐based cohort study; Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children | 5,154 mother–child pairs (50.5) | AD: mean ± SD: 29.2 ± 4.5 | Self‐reported prepregnancy weight | ~9 | Oscillometric method (Dinamap 9301 Vital Signs Monitor), NR | 2 readings of SBP and DBP, child rested and seated, mean value was used, and arm supported at chest level on a table. |
|
Gademan; 2013; Netherlands |
Community‐based birth cohort; Amsterdam Born Children and their Development study | 3,074 mother–child pairs (49.9) | NR: mean ± SD: 31.8 ± 4.6 | Self‐reported prepregnancy BMI | ~5–6 | Oscillometric method (Omrom 705 IT), validated (Stergiou, Yiannes, & Rarra, 2006) | 2 measurements, 1 min of rest, SBP and DBP were calculated by taking the mean values of the repeated measurements, validated cuff size for children. |
|
Gaillard; 2014; Netherlands |
Population‐based prospective cohort study; Generation R Study |
4,871 children and their parents (49.8) | AP: median (95% range); 30.9 (19.9–39.4) | Self‐reported prepregnancy BMI | Median (95% range); 6.0 (5.6–8.0) | Oscillometric method (Datascope Accutor Plus), validated (Wong, Sung, Yn, & Leung, 2006) | 4 measurements, 1‐min intervals, mean measure of the last 3 bp measurements, measured at the right brachial artery. |
|
Gaillard; 2016; Australia |
Population‐based prospective cohort study; Western Australian Pregnancy (Raine) Cohort |
1,392 mother–children pairs (49.3) | AD: mean ± SD: 29.0 ± 5.8 | Self‐reported prepregnancy BMI | Median (95% range); 17.0 (16.7; 17.7) | Oscillometric method (Dinamap 8100), NR | 5 measurements (every 2 min for 10 min), subjects rested supine for 5 min, average values (exclusion of the first measurement). |
|
Hochner; 2012; Israel |
Population‐based cohort; the Jerusalem Perinatal Family Follow‐up Study | 1,256 offspring (50.5) | AD: mean ± SD: 28 ± 5.47 | Self‐reported prepregnancy BMI | ~32 | Oscillometric method (Omron M7), NR | 3 consecutive measurements, sitting position, 5‐min rest, right arm. |
|
Laor; 1997; Israel |
Population‐based cohort; the Jerusalem Perinatal Study | 10,833 offspring (38.6) | NR | Self‐reported prepregnancy BMI | ~17 | Auscultation method (Baumann), recommended method (Lurbe et al., 2009) |
Sitting position, right arm, appropriate cuff size, end point for DBP was the disappearance of the Korotkoff sounds (Phase V). |
|
Lawlor; 2004; Australia |
Prospective study; Mater‐University Study of Pregnancy and its outcomes |
3,864 (NR) | AD: mean ± SD: 25.0 ± 5.1 | Self‐reported prepregnancy BMI | ~5 | Oscillometric method (NR), NR | 2 measurements, child seated and at rest, 5 min apart, mean of 2 readings. |
|
Marshall; 2011; USA |
Mixed‐longitudinal study; NR |
71 children (49.3) | NR | NR | Range: 3.4–8.8 | NR | NR |
|
Morrison; 2013; Canada |
Longitudinal cohort study; Family Atherosclerosis Monitoring in Early Life |
901 mother–newborn pairs (49.6), sample size for BP analyses: 488 | AD: mean ± SD: 32.0 ± 5.4 | Self‐reported prepregnancy weight | ~2.6 days after birth | Oscillometric method (Dinamap Pro100 V2), NR | 3 measurements, baby was sleeping or lying quietly, 2 min intervals. |
|
Perng; 2014; USA |
Prospective cohort study; recruitment of pregnant women in Massachusetts (USA) to examine prenatal diet and other factors in relation to maternal and child health (Project Viva) | 1,090 mother–child pairs (50.3), sample size for BP analyses: 1,084 | AP: n, age category; 106,15–24; 647, 25–34; 337, 35–44 | Self‐reported prepregnancy BMI |
Median; 7.7 Range: 6.6–10.9 |
Oscillometric method (NR), NR | 5 measurements, 1 min apart, mean value. |
|
Wen; 2011; USA |
Cohort study; Collaborative Perinatal Project |
30,461 mother–child pairs (50.7), sample size for BP analyses: 27,625 | AP: mean ± SD: 24.1 ± 6.1 | Self‐reported prepregnancy BMI | ~7 | Auscultation method (NR), recommended method (Lurbe et al., 2009) | Rest in a recumbent position, right arm. |
|
West; 2011; USA |
Retrospective cohort; mothers were members of the Kaiser Permanente of Colorado health plan | 521 mother–child pairs (50.1) | NR | Prepregnancy BMI obtained from medical records or self‐reported |
Children exposed to diabetes in utero: mean ± SD: 9.5 ± 1.7. Children not exposed to diabetes in utero: mean ± SD: 10.6 ± 1.4 |
NR | 2 measurements, sitting position, mean value. |
Note. AD = age at delivery; AP = age at enrolment in pregnancy; BMI = body mass index; BP = blood pressure; DBP = diastolic blood pressure; MAP = mean arterial pressure; NR = not reported; SBP = systolic blood pressure; SD = standard deviation.