Table 3.
Associations reported between maternal prepregnancy BMI or weight and offspring's later BP of the 16 studies included
|
First author; Year; Country |
Statistical analysis | Adjustment | Outcome | Adjusted effect estimate |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Daraki; 2015; Greece |
Multivariable regression analyses |
Maternal variables: Age (delivery), smoking during pregnancy, parity, education level (stratified low, medium, and high), and GWG. Offspring variables: Birthweight, breastfeeding duration, and TV watching at 4 years of age. |
SBP | ß [95% CI], 0.21 [−0.24, 0.67]; p ≥ .05 |
| DBP | ß [95% CI], −0.10 [−0.54, 0.33]; p ≥ .05 | |||
|
Derraik; 2015; New Zealand |
Multivariable regression analyses |
Maternal variable: Height. Offspring variables: Sex, age, birthweight standard deviation scores, and birth order. |
SBP (daytime) | ß [95%], 0.79 [0.20, 1.39]; p = .01 |
| SBP (night‐time) | ß [95%], 0.80 [0.15, 1.45]; p = .017 | |||
| DBP (daytime) | ß [95%], 0.44 [−0.01, 0.89]; p ≥ .05 | |||
| DBP (night‐time) | ß [95%], 0.20 [−0.27, 0.66]; p ≥ .05 | |||
| MAP | ß [95%], 0.51 [0.07, 0.95]; p = .025 | |||
|
Eisenman; 2010; USA |
Comparison of offspring of prepregnancy normal‐weight mothers (BMI < 25 kg/m2) versus offspring of prepregnancy overweight mothers (BMI > 25 kg/m2) | SBP | Normal‐weight mmHg ± SD, 104.2 ± 8.8 | |
| Overweight mmHg ± SD, 106.6 ± 9.1; p ≥ .05 | ||||
| DBP | Normal‐weight mmHg ± SD, 69.3 ± 7.0 | |||
| Overweight mmHg ± SD, 72.2 ± 7.2; p ≥ .05 | ||||
| MAP | Normal‐weight mmHg ± SD, 80.9 ± 6.7 | |||
| Overweight mmHg ± SD, 83.7 ± 7.0; p ≥ .05 | ||||
| Additional adjustment for offspring variables: Sex, age, height, and %BF | MAP | Normal‐weight mmHg ± SD, 81.2 ± 0.5 | ||
| Overweight mmHg ± SD, 83.2 ± 0.9; p < .05 | ||||
|
Filler; 2011; UK |
Correlation | NR | SBP | Spearman rank correlation, r = .09; p < .0001 |
| DBP | Spearman rank correlation, r = .06; p = .0007 | |||
|
Fraser; 2010; UK |
Multivariable regression analyses |
Maternal variables: Age at birth, smoking in pregnancy, GWG in previous period, parity, head of household social class, mode of delivery, and prepregnancy weight. Offspring variables: Sex, age, height squared, and fat mass for height. |
SBP | ß [95%], 0.108 [0.087, 0.130]; p < .05 |
| DBP | ß [95%], 0.028 [0.013, 0.043]; p < .05 | |||
|
Gademan; 2013; Netherlands |
Multivariable regression analyses | Maternal variables: Ethnicity, age, smoking, parity, education, height, and hypertension during pregnancy. | SBP | ß [95%], 0.14 [0.07, 0.21]; p < .05 |
| Offspring variables: Age at time of outcome measurement, sex, gestational age, and height. | DBP | ß [95%], 0.11 [0.05, 0.17]; p < .05 | ||
| Additional adjustment for offspring's variable: Birthweight | SBP | ß [95%], 0.16 [0.09, 0.23]; p < .05 | ||
| DBP | ß [95%], 0.13 [0.07, 0.19]; p < .05 | |||
| Additional adjustment for offspring's variable: Current BMI | SBP | ß [95%], 0.07 [0.00, 0.14]; p ≥ .05 | ||
| DBP | ß [95%], 0.07 [0.01, 0.13]; p < .05 | |||
|
Gaillard; 2016; Netherlands |
Multivariable regression analyses |
Maternal variables: Age, ethnicity, smoking during pregnancy, parity, education level, caesarean delivery, alcohol consumption during pregnancy, folic acid supplement use, and total calorie intake during pregnancy. Paternal variables: Age, education level, and ethnicity. Offspring variables: Sex, age, breastfeeding duration, average duration of TV watching, and timing of introduction of solid food. |
SBP | ß [95%], 0.08 [0.05, 0.11]; p < .05 |
| DBP | ß [95%], 0.02 [−0.01, 0.05]; p ≥ .05 | |||
| Additional adjustment for offspring's variable: Birth characteristics | SBP | ß [95%], 0.08 [0.05, 0.11]; p < .05 | ||
| DBP | ß [95%], 0.03 [0.0, 0.06]; p ≥ .05 | |||
| Additional adjustment for offspring's variable: Current BMI | SBP | ß [95%], 0.02 [−0.01, 0.05]; p ≥ .05 | ||
| DBP | ß [95%], 0.0 [−0.03, 0.03]; p ≥ .05 | |||
| Fully adjusted model: Including all potential variables (see above) and intermediates (pregnancy complications, GWG, birth characteristics, infant growth, and current BMI) | SBP | ß [95%], 0.04 [0.01, 0.07]; p < .05 | ||
| DBP | ß [95%], 0.01 [−0.03, 0.04]; p ≥ .05 | |||
|
Gaillard; 2014; Australia |
Multivariable regression analyses |
Maternal variables: Age, ethnicity, smoking during pregnancy, parity, education level, GWG rate, household income, gestational hypertension disorders, caesarean delivery, and gestational diabetes. Paternal variable: BMI. Offspring variables: Sex, age, gestational age at birth, weight and length at birth, breastfeeding duration, infant length and weight growth, adolescent Tanner stage, alcohol consumption, dietary intake, physical activity, and sedentary behaviour. |
SBP | ß [95%], 0.08 [0.03, 0.14]; p < .01 |
| DBP | ß [95%], 0.0 [−0.06, 0.07]; p ≥ .05 | |||
| Additional adjustment for offspring's variable: Current BMI | SBP | ß [95%], 0.01 [−0.05, 0.07]; p ≥ .05 | ||
| DBP | ß [95%], 0.01 [−0.06, 0.08]; p ≥ .05 | |||
|
Hochner; 2012; Israel |
Multivariable regression analyses | Maternal variables: Age, ethnicity, smoking, parity, years of education, SES, and medical condition. | SBP | ß [95%], 0.44 [0.15, 0.73]; p = .003 |
| Offspring variables: Sex, birthweight, gestational week, physical activity, smoking status, and years of education. | DBP | ß [95%], 0.29 [0.05, 0.05]; p = .017 | ||
| Additional adjustment for offspring's variable: Current BMI | SBP | ß [95%], 0.08 [−0.21, 0.36]; p = .59 | ||
| DBP | ß [95%], −0.003 [−0.23, 0.23]; p = .983 | |||
|
Laor; 1997; Israel |
Multivariable regression analyses |
Maternal variables: Ethnic origin and BMI. Offspring variables: Birthweight and weight at age 17. |
SBP |
Women: ß [95%], −0.12 [−0.37, 0.14]; p ≥ .05 Men: ß [95%], −0.03 [−0.23, 0.18]; p ≥ .05 |
| DBP |
Women: ß [95%], 0.001 [−0.18, 0.18]; p ≥ .05 Men: ß [95%], 0.11 [−0.03, 0.25]; p ≥ .05 |
|||
|
Lawlor; 2004; Australia |
Multivariable regression analyses |
Maternal variables: Age, smoking, maternal education, family income during year of pregnancy, and prepregnancy BMI (continuous). Offspring variables: Sex, age, and birth order. |
SBP | ß [95%], 0.70 [0.39, 1.04]; p < .05 |
| Additional adjustment for offspring's variable: Birthweight | SBP | ß [95%], 0.65 [0.20, 0.91]; p < .05 | ||
| Additional adjustment for offspring's variables: Weight and height at age 5 years | SBP | ß [95%], 0.38 [0.04, 0.72]; p < .05 | ||
|
Marshall; 2011; USA |
Correlation | NR | MAP | Correlation coefficient, r = .35–.53; p < .05 |
|
Morrison; 2013; Canada |
Multivariable regression analyses | Offspring variables: Sex, age, and newborn's age at birth visit. | SBP | Data not reported; p ≥ .05 |
| DBP | Data not reported; p ≥ .05 | |||
|
Perng; 2014 USA |
Multivariable regression analyses |
Maternal variables: Age, race or ethnicity, smoking habits during pregnancy, parity, and annual household income. Paternal variable: BMI. Offspring variables: Sex, age at midchildhood examination, and height z‐score. |
SBP | ß [95%], 0.77 [0.27, 1.27]; p < .05 |
| Additional adjustment for maternal variable: GWG | SBP | ß [95%], 0.74 [0.22, 1.25]; p < .05 | ||
| Additional adjustment for offspring's variable: DXA total fat mass index. | SBP | ß [95%], 0.29 [−0.28, 0.86]; p ≥ .05 | ||
|
Wen; 2011; USA |
Multivariable regression analyses |
Maternal variables: Age at pregnancy, race, parity, family socio‐economic status percentile, and marital status. Offspring variables: Sex, gestational age, and small for gestational age. |
SBP |
Underweight: ß [95%], −0.85 [−1.14, −0.56]; p < .05
Overweight: ß [95%], 0.89 [0.52, 1.26]; p < .05 |
| Additional adjustment for offspring's variables: Childhood BMI at birth, change from birth to 1 year, and change from 1 to 7 years. | SBP |
Underweight: ß [95%], 0.02 [−0.27, 0.30]; p ≥ .05
Overweight: ß [95%], −0.04 [−0.40, 0.31]; p ≥ .05 |
||
|
West; 2011; USA |
Multivariable regression analyses | Offspring variable: Current BMI. | SBP | Data not reported; p > .10 |
| DBP | Data not reported; p > .10 |
Note. BMI = body mass index; BF = body fat; BP = blood pressure; DBP = diastolic blood pressure; DXA = dual energy X‐ray absorptiometry; GWG = gestational weight gain; MAP = mean arterial pressure; NR = not reported; SBP = systolic blood pressure; SD = standard deviation; SES = socio‐economic status.