Table 2.

Odds ratios from logistic regression for cessation of exclusive breastfeeding before week 17 and stratified by parity

Use of nipple shield	Primiparous	Multiparous	All women
	N = 1739	N = 2194	N = 3933
	OR (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)
Never	1	1	1
All the time	3.80 (2.61–5.53)	3.33 (1.88–5.93)	3.41 (2.51–4.63)
In the beginning	1.63 (1.27–2.09)	1.13 (0.84–1.52)	1.40 (1.17–1.69)

CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio.

Use of nipple shields estimates adjusted for the following: maternal factors (age, body mass index, education, smoking and breastfeeding experience), infant factors (gestational age, birthweight and pacifier used in the first 2 weeks) and early breastfeeding factors (problems in week 1 with latching, damaged nipples, mastitis and worries about insufficient milk supply).