. 2016 Nov 21;13(4):e12374. doi: 10.1111/mcn.12374

Table 5.

List of included studies

Citation	Country	Design	Participant #	Type of marginalization	Research question/objective
Arden et al., 2014	UK	Thematic analysis	202 women		To explore women's perspectives about gestational weight gain guidance using spontaneous and naturally occurring comments made in posts on online public parenting forums.
Black et al., 2008	Canada	Ethnography	13 women	‐Low SES	To examine the determinants of excessive prenatal weight gain in First Nations women living on a reserve.
				‐Non‐immigrant minority culture (First Nations)
				‐Rural
Duthie et al., 2013	USA	Thematic analysis	19 women		To describe (1) what obstetricians communicate about GWG to their patients, as well as what they communicate to their patients about weight loss in the postpartum period; (2) the experiences women have communicating with their obstetricians about GWG.
Duthie et al., 2013	USA	Thematic analysis	7 obstetricians
Edvardsson et al., 2011	Sweden	Qualitative manifest and latent content analysis	12 couples		To explore Swedish first‐time parents' experiences of health promotion and lifestyle change during pregnancy and early parenthood.
Evenson et al., 2009	USA	Thematic analysis	58 women		To understand pregnant women's perceptions of barriers to physical activity.
Ferrari et al., 2013	USA	Qualitative, not specified	58 women	‐Non‐immigrant minority culture (African American, Hispanic)	To gather insights into pregnant women's experiences with provider advice about diet and physical activity.
Furber & McGowan, 2011	UK	Framework analysis	19 women	‐Overweight or obese	To explore the experiences related to obesity in women with a body mass index (BMI) >35 kg/m2 during the childbearing process.
Furness et al., 2011	UK	Thematic analysis	6 women	‐Overweight or obese	To explore women's experiences of managing weight in pregnancy and the perceptions of women, midwives and obstetricians of services to support obese pregnant women in managing their weight.
Furness et al., 2011	UK	Thematic analysis	7 midwives	‐Overweight or obese
Garnweidner et al., 2013	Norway	Interpretive phenomenology	17 women	‐Immigrant minority culture (different ethnic backgrounds)	To explore experiences with nutrition‐related information during routine antenatal care among women of different ethnic backgrounds.
Goodrich et al., 2013	USA	Qualitative, not specified	33 women	‐Low SES	To better inform intervention messages by eliciting information on perceptions of appropriate weight gain, barriers to and enablers of exercise and healthy eating, and other influences on healthy weight gain during pregnancy in overweight or obese African American women.
				‐Non‐immigrant minority culture (African American)
				‐Overweight or obese
Groth & Morrison‐Beedy, 2013	USA	Content analysis	26 womena	‐Low SES	To gain insight into how low‐income, pregnant, African American women viewed physical activity and approached nutrition during pregnancy.
Groth & Morrison‐Beedy, 2013	USA	Content analysis	26 womena	‐Non‐immigrant minority culture (African American)
Groth et al., 2012	USA	Content analysis	26 womena	‐Low SES	To gain insight into how low‐income, pregnant African American women viewed their weight gain while pregnant and how they managed their weight during pregnancy.
Groth et al., 2012	USA	Content analysis	26 womena	‐Non‐immigrant minority culture (African American)
Groth & Kearney, 2009	USA	Content analysis	49 women	‐Low SES	To describe ethnically diverse new mothers' perceptions of gestational weight gain.
Groth & Kearney, 2009	USA	Content analysis	49 women	‐Non‐immigrant minority culture (different ethnic backgrounds)
Harper & Rail, 2012	Canada	Discourse analysis	15 womenb		To explore how pregnant young women construct their subjectivities either within dominant discourse on health and obesity or possibly resistant discourses.
Hearn et al., 2013	Australia	Qualitative, not specified	116 womenc		To determine what online information perinatal women and primary healthcare providers want, in what form, and how best it should be presented.
Hearn et al., 2013	Australia	Qualitative, not specified	76 primary healthcare providers
Hearn et al., 2014	Australia	Qualitative, not specified	120 womenc		To design and develop an online resource to promote healthy lifestyles during the perinatal period.
Hearn et al., 2014	Australia	Qualitative, not specified	76 primary healthcare providers
Heery et al., 2013	UK	Thematic analysis	21 women		To explore views about weight gain and lifestyle practices during pregnancy among women with a history of macrosomia.
Herring et al., 2012a	USA	Grounded theory	31 women	‐Low SES	To understand the perceptions of urban, low‐income, pregnant African‐Americans about high weight gain in pregnancy, specifically focused on factors that contribute to higher gains, sources of weight gain advice, weight‐related health risks, and barriers and facilitators to gaining within recommended levels.
Herring et al., 2012a	USA	Grounded theory	31 women	‐Non‐immigrant minority culture (African American)
Huberty et al., 2010	USA	Qualitative description	32 women	‐Low SES	To explore beliefs about health and body weight in young perinatal women.
Jette & Rail, 2014	Canada	Discourse analysis	15 womenb	‐Low SES	To explore how low‐income women of diverse sociocultural location construct and experience health and weight gain during pregnancy, as well as how they position themselves in relation to messages pertaining to weight gain, femininity and motherhood that they encounter in their lives.
Keely et al., 2011	UK	Qualitative, not specified	8 women		To explore obese women's perceptions of obesity as a risk factor in pregnancy and their experiences of NHS maternity care.
Keenan & Stapleton, 2010	UK	Thematic analysis	60 women	‐Overweight or obese	To use longitudinal interview data from large‐bodied women in their transitions to motherhood, to explore how this powerful biomedical discourse plays out in women's reported interactions with maternity professionals in pregnancy, birth and the months that follow.
Khazaezadeh et al., 2011	UK	Framework analysis	12 women	‐Overweight or obese	To interview obese pregnant women and obese women trying to conceive to identify and understand the healthcare needs of service users in Lambeth in south‐east London.
Krans & Chang, 2011	USA	Grounded theory	34 women	‐Low SES	To identify pregnant, low‐income African American women's barriers and facilitators to exercise during pregnancy.
Krans & Chang, 2011	USA	Grounded theory	34 women	‐Non‐immigrant minority culture (African American)
Lindhardt et al., 2013	Denmark	Phenomenology	16 women	‐Overweight or obese	To examine the experience of women with a pre‐pregnant BMI > 30 kg/m2, in their encounters with healthcare professionals during pregnancy.
Mills et al., 2013	Australia	Qualitative description	14 women	‐Overweight or obese	To explore the perceptions and experiences of overweight pregnant women attending two maternity units in Sydney, Australia.
Nash, 2012	Australia	Situational analysis	38 women		To draw on longitudinal narrative data to examine experiences of weight gain and ‘fatness’ in early periods of pregnancy among women in Melbourne, Australia.
Nyman et al., 2010	Sweden	Phenomenology	10 women	‐Overweight or obese	To describe obese women's experiences of encounters with midwives and physicians during pregnancy and childbirth.
Olander & Atkinson, 2013	UK	Thematic analysis	16 women	‐Overweight or obese	To elicit the reasons why obese pregnant women decline to participate in weight management services and to identify their barriers to participation.
Olander et al., 2011	UK	Thematic analysis	23 womend		To explore the views of pre‐ and post‐natal women and health professionals regarding gestational weight gain which may inform the design of future interventions targeting gestational weight gain.
Olander et al., 2011	UK	Thematic analysis	7 healthcare professionals
Olander et al., 2012	UK	Thematic analysis	23 womend		To identify characteristics of the services and support women want to enable them to eat healthily during pregnancy to make a potential future service acceptable.
Paul et al., 2013	USA	Constant comparison	26 women	‐Low SES	To gain an in‐depth understanding of issues related to GWG including general health, diet, and physical activity among high and low income women and to elucidate socioecological and psychosocial risk factors that increase risk for excessive GWG.
Reyes et al., 2013	USA	Grounded theory	21 women	‐Low SES	To better understand the contextual factors that may influence low‐income African‐American mothers' diet quality during pregnancy.
Reyes et al., 2013	USA	Grounded theory	21 women	‐Non‐immigrant minority culture (African American)
Smith et al., 2013	UK	Thematic analysis	14 women	‐Overweight or obese	To examine whether weight management guides designed for women with a BMI > 30 kg/m2, are accessible and appropriate for pregnant women with a BMI ≥ 40 kg/m2.
Stengel et al., 2012	USA	Grounded theory	24 women	‐Overweight or obese	To use interview overweight and obese women after the birth of their first child to ascertain their experiences with GWG and to identify themes on provider advice received about GWG and physical activity during pregnancy.
Stringer et al., 2010	UK	Framework analysis	8 women	‐Eating disorder	To explore the experiences of pregnant women with an eating disorder and during the early years of the child's life, including their views of healthcare provision.
Thomas et al., 2014	USA	Qualitative, not specified	59 women	‐Low SES	To develop a mindfulness‐based stress reduction and nutrition intervention for low‐income, overweight and obese pregnant women, with healthy GWG as the primary outcome measure.
Thomas et al., 2014	USA	Qualitative, not specified	59 women	‐Overweight or obese
Thornton et al., 2006	USA	Community‐based participatory research	10 women and their support person (e.g. spouse)	‐Non‐immigrant minority culture (Hispanic)	To investigate the influence of social support on weight, diet, and physical activity‐related beliefs and behaviors among pregnant and postpartum Latinas.
Tovar et al., 2010	USA	Qualitative, not specified	29 women	‐Non‐immigrant minority culture (Hispanic)	To evaluate knowledge, attitudes and beliefs regarding weight gain during pregnancy among predominantly Puerto Rican women.
Vallianatos et al., 2006	Canada	Qualitative description	30 women	‐Rural	To explore (1) Cree women's perceptions of weight gain in pregnancy and weight loss following pregnancy, (2) the barriers that women face in maintaining a healthy body weight, and (3) the sociocultural context of health.
				‐Non‐immigrant minority culture (First Nations)
				‐Low SES
Weir et al., 2010	UK	Framework analysis	14 women	‐Overweight or obese	To explore the views and experiences of overweight and obese pregnant women; and to inform interventions which could promote the adoption of physical activity during pregnancy.
Wennberg et al., 2013	Sweden	Qualitative content analysis	23 women		To describe women's experiences of dietary information and the change of dietary habits during pregnancy.

Note. GWG = gestational weight gain.

Groth & Morrison‐Beedy, 2013and Groth et al., 2012 used the same participants

Harper & Rail, 2012 and Jette & Rail, 2014 used the same participants

Hearn et al., 2013 and Hearn et al., 2014 used the same participants

Olander et al., 2011 and Olander et al., 2012 used the same participants