Table 1.
Covariates identified in adjusted models across studies of association between pacifier use on the interruption of EBF
| Category group (number of covariates) | Covariates |
|---|---|
| (a) Mother and family characteristics (n = 18) | Maternal education; maternal age; mother's occupation or job status; maternal race; maternal emotional distress; parity, had a child under 5 years; mother's BMI; maternal smoking habits or alcohol use; maternal marital status; father's age; working status or occupation of father; father's education; father smoking habits; area of residence; infant stay at the daycare; family income, social class; cohabitation with maternal/paternal grandmother; maternal oral contraceptive use. |
| (b) Pregnancy and childbirth factors (n = 6) | Type of delivery, cesarean planned; multiple births; if the pregnancy was planned; number of prenatal visits; quality of prenatal care; gestational age when mother started prenatal care. |
| (b) Infant characteristics (n = 7) | Infant's age; birth weight; sex of the baby; baby's behavior to feed; baby needed special care/ICU or hospitalization in the first months; weight gain during the follow‐up; gestational age at birth or prematurity. |
| (c) Breastfeeding technique and family support (n = 11) | Limiting the number of feedings at night/Breastfeeding during the night/ child sleeps more than six hours; use of formula (after hospital discharge); presence of nipple cracked; breastfeeding technique (maternal complaint/latch/positioning); maternal prior intention to breastfeed, maternal review of the optimal duration of exclusive breastfeeding, length time of maternal decision on how to feed the child; breastfeeding pre‐established schedules; father's support and/or family's support; maternal grandmother did not have breastfed, mother did not breast fed, feeding preference of the grandmother; introduction of solid foods; Mother have plenty of milk supply; bed shared or sleep separately from parents; knowledge or prior experience with breastfeeding; pacifier use after the second week of life |
| (d) Breastfeeding assistance (n = 13) | Birth in Baby‐Friendly Hospital; rooming in; pacifier use in the hospital; use formula, supplemental or other liquid in the hospital; type of health service in follow‐up (health center with team or pediatrician trained in breastfeeding); place where gets immunization; hospital discharge of the mother and baby at different times; length of hospital stay; first feed the baby; breastfeeding in the first hour, skin‐to‐skin contact, early initiation of breastfeeding; to receive a counseling and breastfeeding management in the hospital; to receive medical visit at home, to receive nurse visit at home; conflicting guidelines for health professionals |