Table 3.
Associations between intake of macronutrients and micronutrients and neonatal anthropometry in the subsample (n = 132)
| BW | BL | HC | AC | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β (95% CI) | p value | β (95% CI) | p value | β (95% CI) | p value | β (95% CI) | p value | |
| Macronutrients | ||||||||
| Fat | 10.3 (−0.9, 21.5) | 0.07 | 0.1 (0.0, 0.2) | <0.01 | 0.0 (0.0, 0.8) | 0.12 | 0.1 (0.0, 0.2) | 0.03 |
| Carbohydrates | −9.3 (−19.9, 1.3) | 0.09 | −0.1 (−0.2, 0.0) | 0.01 | 0.0 (−0.1, 0.0) | 0.04 | −0.1 (−0.2, 0.0) | 0.04 |
| Protein | 2.5 (−35.9, 41.0) | 0.90 | −0.1 (−0.3, 0.2) | 0.69 | 0.1 (−0.1, 0.3) | 0.18 | −0.1 (−0.3, 0.2) | 0.74 |
| Fiber | 11.2 (−47.2, 69.7) | 0.71 | −0.1 (−0.5, 0.4) | 0.78 | 0.1 (−0.1, 0.4) | 0.25 | −0.2 (−0.7, 0.2) | 0.33 |
| Micronutrients | ||||||||
| Vitamin A | 0.3 (−0.1, 0.6) | 0.11 | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0) | 0.37 | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0) | 0.84 | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0) | 0.98 |
| Vitamin C | 1.4 (0.6, 2.3) | <0.01 | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0) | 0.81 | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0) | 0.91 | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0) | 0.69 |
| Vitamin B12 | 22.2 (−7.6, 51.9) | 0.14 | 0.1 (−0.1, 0.3) | 0.55 | 0.1 (−0.1, 0.2) | 0.30 | 0.1 (−0.2, 0.3) | 0.59 |
| Vitamin B6 | 27.6 (−140.5, 195.7) | 0.75 | −0.7 (−1.9, 0.4) | 0.21 | 0.3 (−0.4, 1.0) | 0.39 | −0.5 (−1.8, 0.8) | 0.44 |
| Calcium | 0.5 (−0.1, 1.1) | 0.10 | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0) | 0.75 | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0) | 0.89 | 0.0 (0.0, 0.01) | 0.38 |
| Iron | −0.2 (−14.3, 13.8) | 0.98 | 0.0 (−0.1, 0.1) | 0.38 | 0.0 (0.0, 0.1) | 0.61 | 0.0 (−0.1, 0.1) | 0.83 |
| Zinc | 14.7 (−21.9, 51.3) | 0.43 | −0.1 (−0.3, 0.2) | 0.53 | 0.0 (−0.1, 0.2) | 0.73 | −0.1 (−0.4, 0.1) | 0.31 |
| Folate | −0.4 (−1.1, 0.4) | 0.33 | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0) | 0.07 | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0) | 0.75 | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0) | 0.21 |
| Niacin | 8.0 (−5.8, 21.8) | 0.25 | 0.0 (−0.1, 0.1) | 0.84 | 0.0 (−0.1, 0.1) | 0.71 | 0.0 (−0.1, 0.1) | 0.83 |
| Thiamin | 10.3 (−131.8, 152.3) | 0.89 | −0.2 (−1.2, 0.8) | 0.71 | 0.2 (−0.3, 0.8) | 0.40 | −0.3 (−1.4, 0.8) | 0.60 |
| Riboflavin | 200.4 (−7.6, 408.3) | 0.06 | 0.1 (−1.4, 1.6) | 0.90 | 0.4 (−0.5, 1.2) | 0.40 | 0.1 (−1.5, 1.6) | 0.95 |
Note. BW = birth weight; BL = birth length; HC = head circumference; AC = abdominal circumference.
*
p < 0.05. All variables are analyzed in multilevel linear regression models and adjusted for energy intake, sociodemographic factors and gender of the newborn. The β coefficients are grams (BW) or centimeters (BL, HC, and AC) change in birth outcomes for a one unit increase in macronutrients (energy percent) or micronutrients (milligrams or micrograms).