Table 2.
Postnatal intervention studies
| Reference | Sample size analysed, ages at base and endline | Design | Duration (m) | Main developmental outcomes | Effect size d | Growth parameters (mean ± SD) | Effect size d | Quality | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mental development (mean ± SD) | Effect size d | Motor development (mean ± SD) | Item ratings | Global rating | |||||||
| Grantham‐McGregor et al. 1991 Jamaica HDI .731 (Grantham‐McGregor et al. 1991) | N = 65 INT n = 32 CTRL n = 33 Base age = 9–24 m with mean = 18 m End age = 33–48 m with mean = 24 m Mean base HAZ = −2.9 | RCT where Intervention received milk‐based formula 750 kcal and 20 g protein/day and Control received no supplement. | 24 | Griffiths Mental Scales: INT (86 ± 10) = CTRL (83 ± 10) | 0.30 | Griffiths Mental Scales: INT (97 ± 13) = CTRL (95 ± 11) | 0.17 | M, S, S, S, S, S, M, M | Strong | ||
| Idjradinata & Pollitt 1993 Indonesia HDI .629 (Idjradinata & Pollitt 1993) | N = 44 INT n = 22 CTRL n = 22 Base age = 12–18 m End age = 16–22 m Iron‐sufficient infants | RCT where Intervention received ferrous sulphate 3 mg/kg per day in syrup form and Control received a placebo syrup. | 4 | BSID: INT (109.1 ± 2.2) = CTRL (106.8 ± 2.3) | 1.02 | BSID: INT (108.7 ± 2.1) = CTRL (108.3 ± 2.1) | 0.19 | M, S, S, S, W, S, S, M | Moderate | ||
| Ashworth et al. 1998 Brazil HDI .730 (Ashworth et al. 1998) | N = 138 INT 1mgZn n = 48 INT 5‐mg Zn = 48 CTRL n = 44 LBW term infants. Base age = 0 m End age = 12 m | Prospective double‐blind part‐RCT where two Intervention groups received 1‐mg or 5‐mg Zn (as zinc sulphate) daily (except Sundays) and Control received placebo. Injected liquid Zn/placebo with syringe. | 2 | BSID: INT 1‐mg Zn (101.1 ± 11.0) = CTRL(100.4 ± 11.3) INT 5‐mg Zn (100.0 ± 11.6) = CTRL(100.4 ± 11.3) | 0.06–0.03 | BSID: INT 1‐mg Zn (106.7 ± 11.1) = CTRL(109.1 ± 12.2) INT 5‐mg Zn (106.9 ± 12.1) = CTRL(109.1 ± 12.2) | −0.21 −0.18 | M, M, S, S, W, M, S, S | Moderate | ||
| Pollitt et al. 2000 Indonesia HDI .629 (Beckett et al. 2000; Pollitt 2000; Pollitt et al. 2000) | N = 75 INT n = 38 CTRL n = 37 Base age = 12 m End age = 24 m Base HAZ ≤ −1 | Cluster RCT where Intervention given daily high energy + Fe (E) (1171 kJ + 12‐mg iron) or given Fe with low energy (M) (12‐mg iron + 209 kJ). Control given skim milk only (209 kJ). MMN tablet included eight micronutrients, in tablet form (doses of micronutrients other than iron not identified). High energy drink was condensed milk vs low energy skim milk. | 12 | BSID I: INT M + E (151.3; ± 6.0) = CTRL (149.3 ± 8.0) | 0.28 | W, S, W, M, W, W, S, M | Weak | ||||
| Castillo‐Duran et al. 2001 Chile HDI .819 (Castillo‐Duran et al. 2001) | N = 112 term neonates; INT n = 57 CTRL n = 55 Base age = newborn End age = 12 m | RCT where intervention group was given 5 mg/d supplemental zinc within 20 days of birth, and then monthly until 1 year. Control group was given a lactose placebo. All received iron 1 to 2 mg/kg/d after 5 mo. | 12 | BSID II: At 12 m: INT (90.9 ± 10.5) = CTRL (88.9 ± 9.1) | 0.20 | BSID II: At 12 m: INT (84.5 ± 11.5) = CTRL (87.6 ± 9.9) | −0.29 | WAZ: At 12 m: INT (−0.23 ± 1.04) = CTRL (0.22 ± 0.86) HAZ: At 12 m: INT (−0.44 ± 0.94) = CTRL (−0.07 ± 0.75) | −0.47 −0.60 | M, S, S, S, W, M, S, M | Moderate |
| Hamadani et al. 2001 Bangladesh HDI .515 (Hamadani et al. 2001) | N = 198 INT n = 97 CTRL n = 101 Base age mean = 1.4 m End age mean = 13.6 m Mean base HAZ = −1.1 | RCT where Intervention received daily 5‐mg Zn and Control received placebo syrup. | 6 | BSID II: INT (103.1 ± 11.0) < CTRL (106.4 ± 9.3)* | −0.33 | BSID II: INT (88.0 ± 18.9) = CTRL (90.6 ± 18.9) | −0.14 | WAZ: INT (−2.4 ± 0.9) = CTRL (−2.5 ± 0.9) HAZ: INT (−2.3 ± 1.0) = CTRL (−2.4 ± 1.0) | 0.11 0.10 | M, S, S, S, S, M, S, S | Strong |
| Black et al. 2004a Bangladesh HDI .515 (Black et al. 2004a) | N = 221 INT MMN n = 35 INT Zn + Fe n = 43 INT Fe n = 47 INT Zn n = 49 CTRL (riboflavin) n = 45 Base age 6.5 m End age 12.7 m Mean base HAZ = −1.2 | RCT where Intervention received 16 MMN compared with Control (riboflavin) and with iron and zinc separately and together. INT MMN: 2xRDA thiamine, niacin, FA, pantothenic acid, iodine, copper, manganese, selenium and Vitamins C, D, E, B6, B12 + 20‐mg Fe + 20‐mg Zn INT Zn + Fe: 20‐mg Zn sulphate + 20‐mg Fe sulphate INT Fe: 20‐mg Fe sulphate INT Zn: 20‐mg Zn acetate CTRL: 1‐mg riboflavin | 6 | BSID II: Fe (104.3 ± 9.5) = CTRL (102.7 ± 13.5) Zn (104.7 ± 8.3) = CTRL (102.7 ± 13.5) Fe + Zn (105.4 ± 11.6) = CTRL (102.7 ± 13.5) MMN (104.3 ± 13.0) = CTRL (102.7 ± 13.5) | 0.14 0.18 0.12 0.22 | BSID II: Fe (99.5 ± 16.6) = CTRL (95.4 ± 16.3) Zn (101.2 ± 16.6) = CTRL (95.4 ± 16.3) Fe + Zn (103.7 ± 16.2) = CTRL (95.4 ± 16.3) MMN (104.5 ± 16.5) = CTRL (95.4 ± 16.3) | 0.25 0.35 0.51 0.55 | WAZ: Fe (−2.2 ± 1.0) = CTRL (−2.0 ± 1.2) Zn (−2.0 ± 1.2) = CTRL (−2.0 ± 1.2) Fe + Zn (−2.2 ± 1.3) = CTRL (−2.0 ± 1.2) MMN (−2.1 ± 1.0) = CTRL (−2.0 ± 1.2) HAZ: Fe (−1.6 ± 0.9) = CTRL (−2.0 ± 1.2) Zn (−1.6 ± 0.9) = CTRL (−2.0 ± 1.2) Fe + Zn (−1.8 ± 0.9) = CTRL (−1.7 ± 1.0) MMN (−1.7 ± 0.8) = CTRL (−1.7 ± 1.0) | −0.18 0 −0.16 −0.09 0.38 0.38 −0.11 0 | S, S, S, S, S, M, S, M | Strong |
| Black 2004 India HDI .554 (Black et al. 2004b) | N = 162 INT MMN + Zn n = 85 CTRL MM n = 77 Base age = 1 m End age = 10 m Mean base HAZ = −1.9 All newborns small‐for‐gestational age, <10th percentile weight, term | RCT where 5 MMN + Zn group compared with 5 MMN group. Syrup with MMN fed directly to children daily. MMN includes 0.5 mg/d riboflavin, 180 mg/d calcium, 90 mg/d phosphorus, 60 mol/d folate and 10 mg/d iron, with 5 mg of zinc sulphate. | 9 | BSID II: INT MMN + Zn (86.2 ± 4.9) = CTRL MMN (86.4 ± 5.1) | 0.04 | BSID II: INT MMN + Zn (91.7 ± 9.8) = CTRL MMN (91.5 ± 14.2) | 0.020 | S, S, S, S, S, S, S, S | Strong | ||
| Lind et al. 2004 Indonesia HDI .629 (Lind et al. 2004) | N = 650 INT Fe n = 163 INT Zn n = 162 INT Fe + Zn n = 161 CTRL n = 164 Base age = 6 m End age = 12 m Mean base HAZ = −0.3 | RCT where Intervention received daily supplementation with 10‐mg Fe, or 10‐mg Zn, or both, and Control received placebo syrup. | 6 | BSID II: INT Fe (101 ± 9.7) = CTRL (99 ± 10.0) INT Zn (101 ± 9.3) = CTRL (99 ± 10.0) INT Zn + Fe (100 ± 9.8) = CTRL (99 ± 10.0) | 0.20 0.21 0.10 | BSID II: INT Fe (106 ± 11.0) > CTRL (103 ± 10.8)* INT Zn (105 ± 10.6) = CTRL (99 ± 10.0) INT Zn + Fe (103 ± 10.3) = CTRL (99 ± 10.0) | 0.27 0.58 0.39 | WAZ: INT Zn (−1.46 ± 1.8) < CTRL (−1.72 ± 1.00)* INT Fe (−1.65 ± 1.08) = CTRL (−1.72 ± 1.00) INT Fe + Zn (−1.68 ± 1.02) = CTRL (−1.72 ± 1.00) HAZ: INT Fe (−0.66 ± 0.91) = CTRL (−0.81 ± 0.86) INT Zn (−0.77 ± 0.92) = CTRL (−0.81 ± 0.86) INT Fe + Zn (−0.90 ± 0.90) = CTRL (−0.81 ± 0.86) | 0.18 0.06 0.04 0.17 0.04 −0.10 | S, S, S, S, W, S, S, S | Moderate |
| Taneja et al. 2005 India HDI .554 (Taneja et al. 2005) | N = 571 INT n = 283 CTRL n = 288 Base age = 12–18 m with mean = 14.9 m End age = 16–24 m with mean = 21 m Base stunting = 36.8% | RCT where Intervention received daily 20‐mg zinc (10‐mg for infants) and Control received placebo. | 4 | BSID II: INT (92.8 ± 10.9) = CTRL (91.3 ± 10.8) | 0.14 | BSID II: INT (93.9 ± 11.8) = CTRL (92.2 ± 11.4) | 0.15 | S, S, S, S, S, S, M, M | Strong | ||
| Gardner et al. 2005 Jamaica HDI .731 (Gardner et al. 2005) | N = 114 INT n = 55 CTRL n = 59 Base age = 9–30 m End age = 15–36 m Mean base HAZ = −1.4 | Cluster RCT where Intervention received 10‐mg Zn daily with/out stimulation and Control received placebo with/out stimulation, All children received 0.5 ml of 10 MMN including 1500 IU vitamin A, 400 IU vitamin D, 0.5‐mg vitamin B1, 0.8‐mg riboflavin, 7‐mg nicotinamide, 1‐mg vitamin B6, 30‐mg vitamin C, 8‐mg iron, 1‐mg folic acid and 2‐mg vitamin B12. | 6 | Griffiths Mental Scales: Cognitive INT (89.45 ± 12.8) = CTRL (89.85 ± 11.8) | −0.03 | Griffiths Mental Scales: Locomotor INT (97.4 ± 12.7) = CTRL (102.6 ± 9.9) | −0.46 | WAZ: INT (−2.04 ± 0.56) = CTRL (−2.03 ± 0.58) HAZ: INT (−1.26 ± 0.71) = CTRL (−1.08 ± 0.80) | −0.02 −0.24 | M, S, S, S, S, S, S, S | Strong |
| Aboud & Akhter 2011 Bangladesh HDI .515 (Aboud & Akhter 2011) | N = 186 INT n = 99 CTRL n = 85 Base age mean = 14 m End age mean = 21 m Mean base HAZ = −1.6 | Cluster RCT where Intervention received MMP (containing 12.5 mg of iron, 300 mcg of vitamin A, 150 mcg of folic acid, 50 mg of vitamin C and 5 mg of zinc) plus six‐session parenting programme on stimulation and Control received parenting programme but no MMP. | 7 | BSID II: Language: INT (30.89 ± 21.2) = CTRL (32.7 ± 21.3) | −0.09 | WAZ: INT (−1.87 ± 1.0) > CTRL (−2.03 ± 1.0)* HAZ: INT (−1.89 ± 1.1) = CTRL (−1.99 ± 1.1) | 0.16 0.09 | M, S, S, M, S, S, S, S | Strong | ||
| Rosado et al. 2011 Mexico HDI .775 (Rosado et al. 2011) | N = 186 INT n = 55 CTRL n = 61 Base age = 12–24 m with mean = 22.4 m End age18–30 m with mean = 28 m Mean base HAZ = −1.2 | RCT where Intervention received daily supplement (44‐g MMP daily, consisting of 194 kcal, 815 kJ, 6‐g protein, 7‐g fat, 28‐g carbohydrates, 25‐mg sodium, 10‐mg iron, 10‐mg zinc, 400‐mcg vitamin A, 6‐mg vitamin E, 40‐mg vitamin C, 0.7‐mcg vitamin B12, 50‐mcg folic acid, 0.8‐mg riboflavin) and Control received placebo (174 kcal, 731 kJ, 30‐g carbohydrates). Half‐supplement group excluded here. | 6 | BSID II: INT (135.9 ± 13.7) = CTRL (137.6 ± 12.6) | −0.13 | BSID II: INT (88.6 ± 9.2) = CTRL (90.0 ± 9.3) | −0.15 | WAZ: INT (−0.7 ± 0.9) = CTRL(−0.7 ± 1.0)** HAZ: INT (−1.1 ± 1.0) = CTRL (−1.0 ± 1.1) | 0 −0.10 | S, S, S, M, W, S, S, M | Moderate |
| Siegel et al. 2011 Nepal HDI .463 (Siegel et al. 2011) | N = 325 INT Zn n = 80 INT Fe + FA n = 80 INT MMN n = 80 CTRL n = 81 Base age 1–35 wk with mean = 7 m End age mean = 19 m Base stunting = 16.7% | Cluster RCT with 3 INTs (daily supplement with Zn, Fe or both) and Control received a placebo. INT Zn: 5 mg/d Zn INT Fe + FA: 6.25 mg/d Fe; 25 mcg/d FA INT MMN: 5 mg/d Zn + 6.25 mg/d Fe + 25 mc/d FA | 12 | Fagen Test of Infant Intelligence: Fixation time: INT Zn (1.31 ± 0.2) = CTRL (1.30 ± 0.21) INT Fe + FA (1.30 ± 0.4) = CTRL (1.30 ± 0.21) INT MMN (1.32 ± 0.2) = CTRL (1.30 ± 0.21) | 0.05 0 0.10 | WAZ: INT Zn (−1.52 ± 1.04) = CTRL (−1.99 ± 1.00) INT Fe + FA (−1.83 ± 0.92) = CTRL (−1.99 ± 1.00) INT MMN (−1.75 ± 1.10) = CTRL (−1.99 ± 1.00) HAZ: INT Zn (−0.95 ± 0.98) = CTRL (−1.64 ± 0.93) INT Fe + FA (−1.34 ± 0.93) = CTRL (−1.64 ± 0.93) INT MMN (−1.40 ± 1.09) = CTRL (−1.64 ± 0.93) | 0.46 0.17 0.23 0.72 0.32 0.24 | M, S, S, S, W, M, S, S | Moderate | ||
| Gurnida et al. 2012 Indonesia HDI .629 (Gurnida et al. 2012) | N = 59 INT n = 29 CTRL n = 30 Base age 2–8 wk with mean = 3.8 wk End age 24 wk Mean base HAZ = −0.4 | RCT where Intervention given formula with 9 mg/100 g gangliosides for up to 6 months. Controls given standard formula milk with 6 mg/100 g. | 6 | Griffiths Mental Development Scale: Cognitive: INT (131.1 ± 14.8) > CTRL (123.2 ± 16.0)*** | 0.53 | Griffiths Mental Development Scale: Gross (Locomotive) motor: INT (120.0 ± 12.23) = CTRL (117. ± 16.91) | 0.20 | M, S, S, S, W, S, S, M | Moderate | ||
| Manno et al. 2012 Zambia HDI .448 (Growth 2010; Gibson et al. 2011; Manno et al. 2012) | N = 335 INT n = 160 CTRL n = 175 Base age = 6 m End age = 18 m Mean base HAZ = −0.8 38% of mothers were HIV+; 3.9% of children were HIV+ | RCT where Intervention given richly fortified porridge flour and Controls given standard fortified flour. INT flour was fortified with 18 micronutrients (6.5‐mg vitamin A, 2‐g vitamin c, 0.1‐mg vitamin D, 9‐mg thiamin, 11‐mg riboflavin, 140‐mg niacin, 9‐mg pyridoxine, 2‐mg folate, 10‐mcg vitamin B12, 40‐mg pantothenic acid, 1‐g magnesium oxide, 250‐mg iron, 200‐mg zinc, 3‐mg copper, 12‐mg manganese, 0.2‐mg selenium, 7‐g calcium and 5‐g phosphorus). | 12 | BSID II: INT (89.8 ± 7.4) = CTRL (88.4 ± 7.4) | 0.19 | BSID II: INT (90.0 ± 6.2) < CTRL (91.4 ± 6.1)* | −0.23 | HAZ: INT (−1.05 ± 1.2) = CTRL (−1.12 ± 1.11) | 0.06 | M, S, S, S, S, M, S, S | Strong |
| Nahar et al. 2012 Bangladesh HDI .515 (Nahar et al. 2012) | N = 136 INT n = 77 CTRL n = 59 Base age = 6–24 m End age = 12−30 m Mean base HAZ = −3.5 | RCT where Intervention received food supplementation (FS) and control received growth monitoring, health education and micronutrient supplementation. FS consisted of roasted rice powder 20 g, roasted lentil powder 10 g, molasses 5 g and soya oil 3 g, to provide 150 kcal (~630 kJ) of energy with 11% of the energy derived from protein. Both groups received multivitamin drops with a daily dose of 1 ml providing vitamin‐A, vitamin‐D, thiamin, riboflavin, pyridoxine, nicotinamide, calcium, ascorbic acid and zinc sulphate, and from weeks 2 to 12, iron and folic acid were provided as standard treatment of severe malnutrition (micronutrient doses were not specified). | 6 | BSID II: INT (67.9 ± 14.4) = CTRL (66.7 ± 13.6) | 0.09 | BSID II: INT (66.2 ± 15.2) = CTRL (69.4 ± 16.4) | −0.20 | WAZ: INT (−3.4 ± 0.8) = CTRL (−3.2 ± 1.1) HAZ: INT (−3.9 ± 1.1) = CTRL (−4.1 ± 1.0) | −0.21 0.40 | W, S, S, S, S, M, S, S | Moderate |
| Phuka et al. 2012 Malawi HDI .418 (Phuka et al. 2009; Phuka et al. 2012) | N = 163 INT n = 51 CTRL n = 56 Base age = 6 m End age = 18 m Mean base HAZ = −1.6 | RCT where Intervention given daily 50‐g lipid‐based spread fortified with 17 vitamins and minerals (256 kcal, 7‐g protein, 14‐g carbohydrate, 17‐g fat, 400‐mcg retinol, 160‐mcg folate, 6‐mg niacin, 2‐mg pantothenic acid, 0.5‐mg riboflavin, 0.5‐mg thiamin, 0.5‐mg vitamin B6, 0.9‐mcg vitamin B12, 30‐mg vitamin C, 5‐mcg vitamin D, 283‐mg calcium, 0.4‐mg copper, 135‐mcg iodine, 8‐mg iron, 60‐mg magnesium, 17‐mcg selenium and 8‐mg zinc). Controls given daily 71‐g corn‐soy flour with fewer micronutrients. | 12 | Griffiths Mental Development: Cognitive: INT (18.25 ± 2.41) = CTRL (18.41 ± 2.31) | −0.07 | Griffiths Mental Development: Gross motor (Locomotive): INT (15.81 ± 0.78) = CTRL (15.91 ± 0.98) | −0.11 | WAZ: INT (−0.62 ± 1.04) = CTRL (−1.74 ± 1.07) HAZ: INT (−1.57 ± 1.01) = CTRL(−1.64 ± 0.82) | 1.06 0.08 | M, S, S, M, S, S, M, S | Strong |
| Surkan et al. 2013 Nepal HDI .463 (Surkan et al. 2013) | N = 569 INT Zn n = 127 INT Fe + FA n = 129 INT 3 MMN n = 161 CTRL n = 152 Base age = 4–17 m End age = 16–29 m | Cluster randomized trial with three Interventions with daily supplement with Zn, Fe or both, and Control received placebo. INT Zn: 10 mg/d zinc INT Fe + FA: 12.5 mg/d Fe; 50 mcg/d FA INT 3 MMN (Zn + Fe + FA) Children <1 yr received half‐dose of supplement. | 12 | Fagen Test of Infant Intelligence: Language score: INT Zn (10.2 ± 3.39) = CTRL No Zn (10.35 ± 2.92) INT Fe (10.2 ± 3.38) = CTRL No Fe (10.25 ± 2.93) | −0.05 −0.02 | Griffiths Mental Development Scale and the MacArthur Communicative Development Inventory: INT Zn (23.8 ± 6.5) = CTRL No Zn (24.2 ± 6.5) INT Fe (24.1 ± 6.5) = CTRL No Fe (24.0 ± 6.5) | −0.06 0.02 | S, S, S, S, W, S, S, M | Moderate | ||
| Yousafzai et al. 2014 Pakistan HDI .515 (Yousafzai et al. 2014) | N = 680 INT n = 334 CTRL n = 346 Base age = 0–2.5 m End age = 24 m Mean base HAZ = −1.0 | Cluster RCT, factorial design where Intervention received nutrition education and MMP and Control received standard care. MMP comprised of iron, folate, vitamin A and vitamin C (doses not specified). | 24 | BSID III: Cognition: INT (76.5 ± 22.2) > CTRL (71.9 ± 18.0)*** | 0.20 | BSID III: INT 87.8 (22.6) > CTRL 81.9 (20.7)*** | d = 0.20 | S, S, S, S, W, S, S, S | Moderate | ||
| Singla et al. 2014 Bangladesh HDI .515 (Singla et al. 2014) | N = 186 INT n = 99 CTRL n = 87 Base age = 7–12 m End age = 16–22 m LBW children Mean base HAZ = −2.0 | RCT where Intervention received daily 22‐element MMP plus education and control received education only. MMP contained 300‐mcg vitamin A, 5‐mcg vitamin D, 6‐mg vitamin E, 30‐mg vitamin C, 0.5‐mg vitamin B1, 0.5‐mg vitamin B2, 0.5‐mg vitamin B6, 0.5‐mcg vitamin B12, 6‐mg niacin, 160‐mcg FA, 10‐mg Fe, 10‐mg Zn, 0.5‐mg copper, 20‐mcg selenium, 90‐mcg iodine, 100‐mg calcium, 20‐mg magnesium, 100‐mg phosphorus, 0.6‐mg manganese, 20‐mcg vitamin K, 1.8‐mg pantothenic acid and 6‐mcg biotin. | 6 | BSID III: Cognition: INT (51.2 ± 4.66) = CTRL (50.67 ± 4.31) | 0.08 | S, S, S, S, S, S, S, S | Strong | ||||
| Attanasio et al. 2014 Colombia HDI .719 (Attanasio et al. 2014) | N = 626 INT n = 308 CTRL n = 318 Base age = 12–24 m End age = 20–42 m Base stunting = 13.0% | Cluster RCT where Intervention group received micronutrient sprinkles and Control group received nothing. Sprinkles contained 12.5‐mg iron, 5‐mg zinc, vitamin A 300‐mcg retinol equivalents, 160‐mcg folic acid and 30‐mg vitamin C. | 18 | BSID III: Cognition: INT (71.63 ± 4.26) = CTRL (71.68 ± 4.38) | −0.01 | BSID III: Gross Motor: INT (63.19 ± 2.99) = CTRL (63.31 ± 2.79) | −0.04 | M, S, S, S, W, S, S, S | Moderate | ||
| Colombo et al. 2014 Peru HDI .741 (Colombo et al. 2014) | N = 249 INT n = 128 CTRL n = 121 Base age = 6 m End age = 18 m Mean base HAZ = −0.5 | RCT where Intervention group received a daily liquid supplement containing 10 mg/d of zinc (zinc sulphate), 10 mg/d of iron (ferrous sulphate) and 0.5 mg/d of copper (copper oxide), and Control group received an identical daily liquid supplement containing only 10 mg/d of iron and 0.5 mg/d of copper. | 12 | BSID II: INT (94.98 ± 6.95) = CTRL (94.43 ± 6.76) | 0.08 | BSID II: INT (104.10 ± 5.77) = CTRL (103.92 ± 6.10) | 0.03 | WAZ: INT (0.1 ± 0.9) = CTRL (0.1 ± 0.8) HAZ: INT (−0.5 ± 1.0) = CTRL (−0.6 ± 0.9) | 0 0.11 | S, S, S, S, W, S, S, S | Moderate |
Note: Assessment of Quality (Item Ratings) with following categories in order: selection bias, study design, confounders, blinding, data collection methods, withdrawals and dropouts, intervention integrity, analysis; HDI, Human Development Index; RCT, Randomized Controlled Trial; m, month; wk, week; INT, Intervention group; CTRL, Control group; HAZ, height‐for‐age z‐score; BSID, Bayley Scales of Infant Development; effect size d, standardized mean difference; SD, standard deviation; RDA, recommended dietary allowance; W, weak; M, moderate; S, strong; MMP, multiple micronutrient powder; MMN, multiple micronutrients; MV, multivitamin; Zn, zinc; Fe, iron; FA, folic acid.
*
p < 0.05;
**
p < 0.01;
***
p < 0.001.