Table 5.
Use of behaviour change techniques by short and longer term effectiveness
| Behaviour change techniques | Short‐term | Longer term | Total n = 22 (% of all studies) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Effective | Ineffective | Effective | Ineffective | ||
| (N = 12) | (N = 10) | (N = 6) | (N = 16) | ||
| 1. Provide information on consequences of behaviour in general | 8 | 8 | 5 | 3 | 16 (72.7) |
| 2. Provide information on consequences of behaviour to the individual | 4 | 5 | 3 | 2 | 9 (40.9) |
| 3. Provide information about others' approval | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 (4.5) |
| 4. Provide normative information about others' behaviour | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 (0) |
| 5. Goal setting (behaviour) | 4 | 5 | 2 | 3 | 9 (40.9) |
| 6. Goal setting (outcome) | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 (9.1) |
| 7. Action planning | 0 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 2 (9.1) |
| 8. Barrier identification/problem solving | 2 | 5 | 1 | 2 | 7 (31.8) |
| 9. Set graded tasks | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 (9.1) |
| 10. Prompt review of behavioural goals | 2 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 6 (27.3) |
| 11. Prompt review of outcome goals | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 (0) |
| 12. Prompt rewards contingent on effort or progress towards behaviour | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 2 (9.1) |
| 13. Provide rewards contingent on successful behaviour | 3 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 5 (22.7) |
| 14. Shaping | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 (0) |
| 15. Prompting generalisation of a target behaviour | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 (4.5) |
| 16. Prompt self‐monitoring of behaviour | 3 | 4 | 1 | 3 | 7 (31.8) |
| 17. Prompt self‐monitoring of behavioural outcome | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 (9.1) |
| 18. Prompting focus on past success | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 (0) |
| 19. Provide feedback on performance | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 3 (13.6) |
| 20. Provide information on where and when to perform the behaviour | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 3 (13.6) |
| 21. Provide instruction on how to perform the behaviour | 4 | 8 | 2 | 3 | 12 (54.5) |
| 22. Model/Demonstrate the behaviour | 8 | 6 | 3 | 3 | 14 (63.6) |
| 23. Teach to use prompts/cues | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 (9.1) |
| 24. Environmental restructuring | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 (9.1) |
| 25. Agree behavioural contract | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 (0) |
| 26. Prompt practice | 7 | 6 | 2 | 3 | 13 (59.1) |
| 27. Use of follow‐up prompts | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 (4.5) |
| 28. Facilitate social comparison | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 (4.5) |
| 29. Plan social support/social change * / ** | 8 | 3 | 6 | 1 | 11 (50) |
| 30. Prompt identification as role model/position advocate | 3 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 7 (31.8) |
| 31. Prompt anticipated regret | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 (0) |
| 32. Fear arousal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 (0) |
| 33. Prompt self‐talk | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 (4.5) |
| 34. Prompt use of imagery | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 (4.5) |
| 35. Relapse prevention/coping planning | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 (0) |
| 36. Stress management/emotional control training | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 (9.1) |
| 37. Motivational interviewing | 0 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 3 (13.6) |
| 38. Time management | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 (0) |
| 39. General communication skills training | 2 | 5 | 1 | 3 | 7 (31.8) |
| 40. Stimulate anticipation of future rewards | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 (0) |
| 41. Exposure * | 6 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 9 (40.9) |
| 42. Provision of resources | 10 | 8 | 6 | 4 | 18 (81.8) |
| 43. Staff training ** | 6 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 9 (40.9) |
| 44. Community/participant engagement | 3 | 3 | 0 | 2 | 6 (27.3) |
| 45. Economic incentives | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 (9.1) |
| 46. Availability/accessibility | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 (9.1) |
Bold: Commonly used techniques (used by greater than 50%)
Bold/italics: Techniques associated with effective intervention;
*
short‐term effectiveness,
**
longer term effectiveness.