Table 3.
Food group and nutrient intakea by categories of bottle milk feeding in children of 18–24 months old and 48 months old
| Food group and nutrient intake | 18–24 months | 48 months | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non‐bottle milk feeding (n = 38) | Bottle plus cup milk feeding (n = 60) | Bottle milk feeding only (n = 386) | p b | Non‐bottle milk feeding (n = 77) | Bottle plus cup milk feeding (n = 26) | Bottle milk feeding only (n = 62) | p b | |
| Milk and alternatives (g) | 333 + 161c, d | 453 + 136 | 484 + 158 | <0.001 | 217 (111–285)c, d | 382 (219–562) | 309 (207–463) | <0.001 |
| Formula milk (ml)f | 290 + 183c, d | 413 + 150e | 467 + 161 | <0.001 | 100 (0–216)c, d | 335 (179–444) | 270 (181–450) | <0.001 |
| Non‐formula milk (ml)g | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–39)e | 0 (0–0) | <0.001 | 2.0 (0–103)d | 1.3 (0–80) | 0 (0–7) | 0.003 |
| Other dairy products (g)h | 3.9 (0–33)d | 0 (0–27) | 0 (0–6) | 0.005 | 5 (0–29) | 12 (0–48) | 7 (0–33) | 0.340 |
| Other non‐milk fluids (ml) | ||||||||
| Sugar‐containing fluids (ml)i | 41 (0–78)c, d | 0 (0–33) | 0 (0–39) | 0.003 | 60 (0–117) | 29 (0–74) | 67 (0–100) | 0.184 |
| Grains (g) | 309 (209–393) | 282 (211–372) | 282 (193–387) | 0.871 | 337 + 92 | 347 + 124 | 325 + 98 | 0.616 |
| Vegetables (g) | 52 (22–110) | 62 (35–100) | 57 (30–97) | 0.679 | 77 (60–113) | 75 (50–112) | 71 (46–119) | 0.488 |
| Fruits (g) | 62 (19–117) | 65 (32–99) | 53 (24–88) | 0.297 | 79 (55–127)c | 67 (42–102) | 55 (27–105) | 0.041 |
| Meat and meat alternatives (g) | 72 (42–92) | 74 (51–95)e | 55 (36–86) | 0.002 | 111 + 51 | 100 + 35 | 97 + 47 | 0.238 |
| Percent of energy and nutrients from formula milk (%) | ||||||||
| Energy | 21.8 + 14.1c, d | 30.1 + 12.1e | 34.9 + 12.8 | <0.001 | 6.0 (0.0–14.8)c, d | 19.5 (13.2–27.3) | 19.1 (11.0–27.0) | <0.001 |
| Protein | 19.0 (12.8–26.0)d | 24.8 (18.3–32.0)e | 30.4 (23.1–38.8) | <0.001 | 5.5 (0.0–15.8)c, d | 19.1 (10.6–28.4) | 17.2 (11.6–27.7) | <0.001 |
| Iron | 41.7 (32.9–55.8)c, d | 54.6 (43.3–65.1)e | 60.8 (51.3–69.5) | <0.001 | 14.3 (0.0–37.8)c, d | 40.7 (28.9–53.5) | 40.1 (30.1–54.0) | <0.001 |
Presented as mean + SD or median (IQR).
Group difference was examined by one‐way ANOVA or Kruskal Wallis test where appropriate.
For food group with p < 0.05 in ANOVA or Kruskal Wallis Test, Bonferroni Post‐hoc test or Mann–Whitney U test were used, respectively, to compare the amount of food group consumption or percent of energy and nutrients from formula milk between two independent groups of categories of bottle milk feeding of same age.
p < 0.05 (non‐bottle milk feeding vs. bottle plus cup milk feeding).
p < 0.05 (non‐bottle milk feeding vs. bottle milk feeding only).
p < 0.05 (bottle plus cup milk feeding vs. bottle milk feeding only).
Formula milk included cow‐based, goat‐based and soy‐based formula and special formula.
Non‐formula milk included breast milk, cow's milk, soy milk and other types of milk.
Other dairy products included cheese, yoghurt and ice cream.
Included 100% fruit juice, carbonated drinks, baby fruit juice, fruit drinks, honey diluting with water and other beverages (cocoa and other instant powdered drinks, and sports drink).