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. 2019 Nov 1;24(21):3964. doi: 10.3390/molecules24213964

Table 1.

The flame retardancy performance of epoxy containing phosphorus-based (P) flame retardants in terms of FRI (* the name and percentage of incorporated flame retardant is given after each epoxy resin). Notes a to l on the bottom of the table are representative of composite systems containing woven or nonwoven fibers.

Epoxy Resins and Incorporated Phosphorus FR * wt.% TTI (s) pHRR (kW·m−2) THR (MJ·m−2) FRI LOI UL94 Ref.
0 49 1477 118 — 27 NR [24]
N, N′-diallyl-p-phenylphosphonicdiamide (FP1) 4 46 831 106 1.85 33 NR [24]
N, N′-diallyl-p-phenylphosphonicdiamide (FP1) 6 42 500 115 2.59 36 V-1 [24]
N, N′-diallyl-p-phenylphosphonicdiamide (FP1) 8 40 587 109 2.22 38 V-0 [24]
0 31 1068 76 — 23.7 NR [25]
(bis(4- hydroxyphenyl) methyl) diphenylphosphine oxide (DPO-PHE) 11.68 41 657 59 2.76 32.1 V-0 [25]
1-(bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl)-9,10-dihydro-9- oxa-10-phosphaphenan-threne-10-oxide (DOPO-PHE) 12.03 39 956 57 1.87 30.5 V-0 [25]
0 47 1208 80 — 22.5 NR [26]
Reaction between 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide & cyanuric chloride (DOPO-T) 2.34 38 836 69 1.35 32.5 NR [26]
reaction between 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide & cyanuric chloride (DOPO-T) 4.67 36 727 62 1.64 34.6 V-1 [26]
reaction between 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide & cyanuric chloride (DOPO-T) 6.99 32 629 56 1.86 36.2 V-1 [26]
Reaction between 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide & cyanuric chloride (DOPO-T) 9.34 30 613 54 1.86 33.4 V-0 [26]
0 131 495 179 — 21.3 V-2 [27]
Aluminum ethylphenylphosphinate (AEPP) 5 119 254 131 2.41 23.3 V-2 [27]
aluminum ethylphenylphosphinate (AEPP) 10 105 241 124 2.37 25.7 V-1 [27]
aluminum ethylphenylphosphinate (AEPP) 15 91 223 119 2.31 28.2 V-0 [27]
0 32 827 116 — 21.8 NR [28]
phenethyl-bridged 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide derivative (DiDOPO) 3 41 387 104 3.05 32.7 V-0 [28]
0 32 781 107 — 21.8 NR [29]
Phenethyl-bridged 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide derivative (DiDOPO) 10 38 508 83 2.35 38 V-0 [29]
phenethyl-bridged 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide derivative (DiDOPO) 11 43 441 96 2.65 37.4 V-0 [29]
0 32 781 107 — 21.8 NR [30]
phenethyl-bridged 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide derivative (DiDOPO) 7 36 491 80 2.39 35.7 V-0 [30]
0 32 781 107 — 21.8 NR [31]
phenethyl-bridged 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide derivative (DiDOPO) 1 33 516 116 1.43 24.1 V-2 [31]
phenethyl-bridged 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide derivative(DiDOPO) 5 35 491 81 2.29 35.8 V-0 [31]
phenethyl-bridged 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide derivative (DiDOPO) 10 38 508 83 2.35 38 V-0 [31]
0 32 781 107 — 21.8 NR [32]
phenethyl-bridged 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide derivative (DiDOPO) 1 33 516 116 1.43 24.1 V-2 [32]
phenethyl-bridged 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide derivative (DiDOPO) 5 35 491 81 2.29 35.7 V-0 [32]
phenethyl-bridged 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide derivative (DiDOPO) 10 38 508 83 2.35 38 V-0 [32]
phenethyl-bridged 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide derivative (DiDOPO) 15 41 436 72 3.41 33.6 V-0 [32]
phenethyl-bridged 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide derivative (DiDOPO) 20 16 298 68 2.06 27.5 V-0 [32]
0 19 1324.6 95.7 — 19.2 HB [33]
pentaerythritol phosphate melamine salt (PPMS) 15 20 491.6 74 3.66 22.8 V-2 [33]
pentaerythritol phosphate melamine salt functionalized Expandable graphite (PPMS-EG) 15 16 414.3 66.7 3.86 25.8 V-1 [33]
0 15 1334.6 100.1 — 19.3 HB [34]
Pentaerythritol phosphate melamine salt-functionalized Multiwalled carbon nanotube (PPMS-MWCNT) 5 13 1013.4 93.7 1.21 21.5 HB [34]
Pentaerythritol phosphate melamine salt-functionalized Multiwalled carbon nanotube (PPMS-MWCNT) 10 8 680.7 90.7 1.15 22.6 V-2 [34]
Pentaerythritol phosphate melamine salt-functionalized Multiwalled carbon nanotube (PPMS-MWCNT) 15 6 444.6 77.6 1.54 24.5 V-2 [34]
pentaerythritol phosphate melamine salt (PPMS) 15 11 489.5 85.2 2.34 22.8 V-2 [34]
0 66 793.5 86.3 — 21 NR [35]
diphenyl 1H-imidazol-1-ylphosphonate (DPIPP) 7.5 56 535.2 61.3 1.77 27.5 NR [35]
diphenyl 1H-imidazol-1-ylphosphonate (DPIPP) 15 59 427.5 53.7 2.66 31.5 V-0 [35]
1-(diphenylphosphinyl)-1H-imidazole oxide (DPPIO) 7.5 62 583.1 60 1.83 33 NR [35]
1-(diphenylphosphinyl)-1H-imidazole oxide (DPPIO) 15 63 432.9 48.4 3.11 38 V-0 [35]
0 57 770.1 82.6 — 20.5 NR [36]
imidazolium dibenzo[c,e[1,2]oxaphosphate (IDOP) 5 65 617.5 65.8 1.78 27 NR [36]
imidazolium dibenzo[c,e [1,2]oxaphosphate (IDOP) 10 67 586.5 64.2 1.98 34.5 V-1 [36]
imidazolium dibenzo[c,e [1,2]oxaphosphate (IDOP) 15 68 485.6 51.2 3.05 37 V-0 [36]
0 63 731.2 103.2 — 21.1 NR [37]
polyphosphoric acid piperazine (PPAP) 5 38 511.9 92.5 0.96 30.8 V-0 [37]
diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A epoxy resin epoxy/hollow glass microspheres(foam) 0 17 444.92 138.2 — 21.5 NR [38]
aluminum diisobutylphosphinate (AlPBu) 10 17 272.28 113.2 1.99 26.5 NR [38]
aluminum diisobutylphosphinate (AlPBu) 12.5 17 264.98 110.8 2.09 27.8 V-1 [38]
Aluminum diisobutylphosphinate (AlPBu) 15 17 260.77 109.3 2.15 29 V-0 [38]
0 53 1484 86.4 — 26 NR [39]
6-morpholino-6Hdibenzo[c,e][1,2]oxaphosphinine 6-oxide (MPL-DOPO) 2.5 46 1296 74.3 1.15 29.5 V-1 [39]
6-morpholino-6Hdibenzo[c,e][1,2]oxaphosphinine 6-oxide (MPL-DOPO) 5 45 1145 67.1 1.41 30.5 V-0 [39]
6,6′-((methylenebis(4,1 phenylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(6Hdibenzo[c,e][1,2]oxaphosphinine 6-oxide) (DDM-DOPO) 2.5 51 1236 76.5 1.30 30 V-0 [39]
6,6′-((methylenebis(4,1 phenylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(6Hdibenzo[c,e][1,2]oxaphosphinine 6-oxide) (DDM-DOPO) 5 48 999 69.7 1.66 31.5 V-0 [39]
0 71 654.3 100.3 — 25.7 NR [40]
6-(((1H-tetrazol-5-yl)amino)(4hydroxyphenyl)methyl)dibenzo[c,e][1,2]oxaphosphinine 6-oxide (ATZ) 6 81 482.5 83.9 1.84 33.7 V-0 [40]
Waterborne EP resin 0 25 343.7 18.3 — 19.3 NR [41]
phosphated K-carrageenan (P-KC) 30 14 313.7 19.3 0.58 20.8 NR [41]
9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) 30 10 279.6 15.1 0.59 22.1 V-1 [41]
0 39 1162 104 — 26.8 NR [42]
Tris(Bis(4((Diphenoxyphosphoryl)Oxy)Phenyl)Methyl)Benzene-1,3,5-Tricarboxylate (DHPP-OH-BAC) 5 50 796 97 2.00 31.2 V-2 [42]
Tris(Bis(4((Diphenoxyphosphoryl)Oxy)Phenyl)Methyl)Benzene-1,3,5-Tricarboxylate (DHPP-OH-BAC) 10 58 643 91 3.07 32.4 V-1 [42]
Tris(Bis(4((Diphenoxyphosphoryl)Oxy)Phenyl)Methyl)Benzene-1,3,5-Tricarboxylate (DHPP-OH-BAC) 15 62 610 88 3.57 33.6 V-0 [42]
0 40 1511.7 115.8 — 19 NR [43]
poly(pentaerythritol phosphate phosphinic acyl piperazine) (PPAP) 5 38 838.1 75.4 2.63 26 NR [43]
poly(pentaerythritol phosphate phosphinic acyl piperazine) (PPAP) 10 36 522 54.2 5.56 28 V-1 [43]
poly(pentaerythritol phosphate phosphinic acyl piperazine) (PPAP) 20 34 416 44.5 8.03 35 V-0 [43]
0 61 1125.8 66.2 — 26.5 NR [44]
1-methyl-3-((6-oxidodibenzo[c,e][1,2]oxaphosphinin 6-yl)methyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium 4 methylbenzenesulfonate ([Dmim]Tos) 2.4 51 947.6 67.3 0.97 31.7 V-1 [44]
1-methyl-3-((6-oxidodibenzo[c,e][1,2]oxaphosphinin 6-yl)methyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium 4 methylbenzenesulfonate ([Dmim]Tos) 4 57 705.4 57.6 1.71 32.5 V-0 [44]
1-methyl-3-((6-oxidodibenzo[c,e][1,2]oxaphosphinin 6-yl)methyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium 4 methylbenzenesulfonate ([Dmim]Tos) 7.5 51 767 56.2 1.44 33.9 V-0 [44]
0 32 1111 18.2 — 20.5 NR [45]
melamine phenylphosphate (MPhP) 10 38 1008 12.4 1.92 23.5 NR [45]
melamine phenylphosphate (MPhP) 15 40 846 12.2 2.44 24.5 V-1 [45]
melamine phenylphosphate (MPhP) 20 41 545 12 3.96 26.5 V-0 [45]
0 74 1205.4 77.1 — 26.4 NR [46]
melamine-organophosphinic acid salt (MDOP) 0.96 79 1426.4 75.4 0.92 31 V-1 [46]
melamine-organophosphinic acid salt (MDOP) 1.9 76 1209.5 74.2 1.06 32 V-1 [46]
melamine-organophosphinic acid salt (MDOP) 3.75 78 915.3 67.1 1.59 35.6 V-0 [46]
melamine-organophosphinic acid salt (MDOP) 7.24 67 660.7 60.2 2.11 38 V-0 [46]
0 70 1491 81 — 19 NR [47]
aluminum diethyl phosphinate (AlPi) 7 58 572 63 2.77 28.5 V-0 [47]
Melamine polyphosphate (MPP) 7 75 479 68 3.97 — — [47]
0 70 1000.5 95.2 — 22.6 NR [48]
bisphenol-A bridged penta(phenoxy)cyclotriphosphazene (A-BP) 9 62 783 55.9 1.92 33.9 V-0 [48]
0 60 1285 83.5 — 25.5 NR [19]
cage–ladder-structure, phosphorus-containing polyhedral oligomeric silsesquinoxane (CLEP–DOPO–POSS) via the hydrolytic condensation of 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO)–vinyl trimethoxysilane (VTMS)with 2-(3,4-epoxycyclohexyl) ethyl trimethoxysilane (CLEP–DOPO–POSS) 2.91 62 961 84.9 1.35 31.9 V-0 [19]
0 95 939 98 — 23 NR [49]
copper phenylphosphate nanoplate (CuPP) 1 103 511 93 2.09 32.4 NR [49]
copper phenylphosphate nanoplate (CuPP) 2 80 466 83 2.00 35.5 V-1 [49]
copper phenylphosphate nanoplate (CuPP) 4 88 454 82 2.28 38.2 V-1 [49]
copper phenylphosphate nanoplate (CuPP) 6 88 448 72 2.64 37.8 V-1 [49]
copper phenylphosphate nanoplate (CuPP) 8 86 401 73 2.84 34.6 V-1 [49]
0 69 1139.7 75.7 — 25.2 NR [50]
reaction of 2-chloro-5,5-dimethyl-1,3,2-dioxaphosphinane-2-oxide & 2-aminobenzothiazole (DOP-ABZ) 15 66 327.2 63 4.00 26.8 V-1 [50]
reaction of 2-chloro-5,5-dimethyl-1,3,2-dioxaphosphinane-2-oxide & 2-aminobenzothiazole (DOP-ABZ) 17.5 65 308.9 40.6 6.48 27.5 V-0 [50]
reaction of 2-chloro-5,5-dimethyl-1,3,2-dioxaphosphinane-2-oxide & 2-aminobenzothiazole (DOP-ABZ) 20 52 238.9 28 9.72 28.3 V-0 [50]
0 36 1558 93 — 24.2 NR [51]
9,10-Dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) 7.11 33 1301 64.6 1.58 35.1 V-1 [51]
reaction between 1,4-Phthalaldehyde & 2-benzothiazolamine & 9,10-Dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (BPD) 3.38 34 1313 78.9 1.32 32.8 V-1 [51]
reaction between 1,4-Phthalaldehyde & 2-benzothiazolamine & 9,10-Dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (BPD) 6.71 32 1273 69.8 1.44 34.3 V-1 [51]
reaction between 1,4-Phthalaldehyde & 2-benzothiazolamine & 9,10-Dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (BPD) 10.04 33 1220 63.8 1.70 36.9 V-0 [51]
reaction between 1,4-Phthalaldehyde & 2-benzothiazolamine & 9,10-Dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (BPD) 13.41 31 1071 59.1 1.97 39.1 V-0 [51]
0 61 1208 77.3 — 22.5 NR [52]
9,10-Dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) 7.7 56 828 61.6 1.68 34.5 V-1 [52]
hexa-phenoxy-cyclotriphosphazene (HPCP) 8.2 52 510 63.1 2.47 32.5 V-1 [52]
78 1934.2 103.3 — 23.5 NR [53]
reaction between 4-(hydroxymethyl)-2,6,7-trioxa-1-phosphabicyclo[2.2.2]octane 1-oxide & 6-(2,5-dihydroxyphenyl)-6H-dibenzo[c,e][1,2]oxaphosphinine 6-oxide (DOPO-TPMP) 2.5 76 1683.9 91.1 1.26 28.2 V-1 [53]
reaction between 4-(hydroxymethyl)-2,6,7-trioxa-1-phosphabicyclo[2.2.2]octane 1-oxide & 6-(2,5-dihydroxyphenyl)-6H-dibenzo[c,e] [1,2]oxaphosphinine 6-oxide (DOPO-TPMP) 5 72 1544.8 82.9 1.44 34.8 V-1 [53]
reaction between 4-(hydroxymethyl)-2,6,7-trioxa-1-phosphabicyclo[2.2.2]octane 1-oxide & 6-(2,5-dihydroxyphenyl)-6H-dibenzo[c,e][1,2]oxaphosphinine 6-oxide (DOPO-TPMP) 7.5 72 1483.6 75.7 1.64 35.6 V-0 [53]
reaction between 4-(hydroxymethyl)-2,6,7-trioxa-1-phosphabicyclo[2.2.2]octane 1-oxide & 6-(2,5-dihydroxyphenyl)-6H-dibenzo[c,e][1,2]oxaphosphinine 6-oxide (DOPO-TPMP) 10 63 819.3 69.2 2.84 36.1 V-0 [53]
54 880 187 — 24.1 NR [54]
10-(hydroxy(4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl)-5,10-dihydrophenophosphazinine-10-oxide (HB-DPPA) 2 65 800 162 1.52 29.3 V-0 [54]
53 1121 102 — 20 NR [55]
ammonium polyphosphate (APP) 21 57 594 53 3.90 33 NR [55]
ethanediamine-modified ammonium polyphosphate (EDA-APP) 21 61 398 54 6.12 33 V-0 [55]
45 1091 83 — 22.8 NR [56]
hexakis(4-boronic acid-phenoxy)-cyclophosphazene (CP-6B) 3 42 608 71 1.95 30.8 V-0 [56]
57 1108 96.2 — 22 NR [57]
N,N′-diamyl-p-phenylphosphonicdiamide (PM) 2 56 970 84.2 1.28 24.5 NR [57]
N,N′-diamyl-p-phenylphosphonicdiamide (PM) 6 54 840 78.5 1.53 25.5 NR [57]
IC: inclusion complex β-cyclodextrin & N,N′-diamyl-p-phenylphosphonicdiamide (PM-βCD) 2 55 905 73 1.55 26.5 NR [57]
IC: inclusion complex β-cyclodextrin & N,N′-diamyl-p-phenylphosphonicdiamide (PM-βCD) 6 50 541 68.8 2.51 26.8 NR [57]
43 469 66.2 — 24.7 NR [58]
poly(4,40-diamino diphenyl sulfone 2,6,7-trioxa-1-phosphabicyclo[2.2.2]octane-4-methanol-substituted phosphoramide) (PSA) 10 28 149 33.2 4.08 28 V-1 [58]
poly(4,40-diamino diphenyl sulfone 2,6,7-trioxa-1-phosphabicyclo[2.2.2]octane-4-methanol-substituted phosphoramide) (PSA) 20 26 118 21.7 7.33 31 V-0 [58]
82 1148 88.4 — 21 NR [59]
bisphenol A bridged penta(anilino) cyclotriphosphazene (BPA-BPP) 9 72 457 78.4 2.48 28.7 V-1 [59]
46 1291 87.2 — 23 NR [60]
9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) 9.1 26 893 59.6 1.19 29 NR [60]
1-oxo-4-hydroxymethyl-2,6,7-trioxa-l phosphabicyclo[2.2.2] octane (PEPA) 9.1 40 847 59.5 1.94 28 NR [60]
reaction between 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide-1-oxo-4-hydroxymethyl-2,6,7-trioxa-l phosphabicyclo[2.2.2] octane (DOPO-PEPA) 5.7 44 873 60.9 2.02 30 V-0 [60]
reaction between 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide-1-oxo-4-hydroxymethyl-2,6,7-trioxa-l phosphabicyclo[2.2.2] octane (DOPO-PEPA) 7.4 48 683 46.3 3.71 35 V-0 [60]
reaction between 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide-1-oxo-4-hydroxymethyl-2,6,7-trioxa-l phosphabicyclo[2.2.2] octane (DOPO-PEPA) 9.1 42 595 45.9 3.76 35 V-0 [60]
58 839 129 — — NR [61]
polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane containing 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10 phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO-POSS) 2.5 58 631 104 1.64 27.1 V-1 [61]
polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane containing 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10 phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO-POSS) 5 62 404 87 3.29 — NR [61]
polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane containing 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10 phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO-POSS) 10 61 346 79 4.16 — NR [61]
53 1034 114 — 24.2 NR [62]
Hexaphenoxycyclotriphosphazene (HPCTP) 7.46 56 918 94 1.44 26.2 V-1 [62]
Hexaphenoxycyclotriphosphazene (HPCTP) 11.19 53 796 83 1.78 28 V-0 [62]
Hexaphenoxycyclotriphosphazene (HPCTP) 14.92 54 840 78 1.83 28.6 V-0 [62]
9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) 6.97 51 947 92 1.30 25.9 NR [62]
9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) 10.46 50 850 88 1.48 27.4 NR [62]
9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) 13.94 46 785 81 1.60 27.8 V-1 [62]
60 872.8 88.5 — 22.5 NR [63]
2-(hydroxy(phenyl)methyl)-5,5-dimethyl-1,3,2-dioxaphosphinane 2-oxide (TP) 12.42 23 312.6 59 1.60 31.8 V-1 [63]
[4-(2,4,6-Tris[24] dioxaphosphinan-2-yl) hydroxymety] phenoxy]-(1,3,5)-triazine (TNTP) 14.36 34 253 65.8 2.62 32.4 V-0 [63]
47 1208 81 — 22.5 NR [64]
9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10 phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) 7 32 853 64 1.22 34 V-1 [64]
reaction between triglycidyl isocyanurate, 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide & phenylboronic acid (BNP) 7 38 505 60 2.61 29.5 NR [64]
reaction between triglycidyl isocyanurate, 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide & phenylboronic acid (BNP) 11 35 425 52 3.29 32 V-1 [64]
reaction between triglycidyl isocyanurate, 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide & phenylboronic acid (BNP) 14.7 34 410 50 3.45 32.5 V-0 [64]
reaction between triglycidyl isocyanurate, 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide & phenylboronic acid (BNP) 18.4 33 400 47 3.65 33.3 V-0 [64]
47 1208 81 — 22.5 NR [65]
9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10 phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) 7 32 853 64 1.22 34 V-1 [65]
reaction between triglycidyl isocyanurate & 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10 phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide & boric acid (DTB) 7 32 556 61 1.96 31.5 NR [65]
reaction between triglycidyl isocyanurate & 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10 phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide & boric acid (DTB) 10 33 453 55 2.75 33.2 V-1 [65]
reaction between triglycidyl isocyanurate & 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10 phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide & boric acid (DTB) 15 34 425 54 3.08 35.6 V-0 [65]
reaction between triglycidyl isocyanurate & 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10 phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide & boric acid (DTB) 20 31 461 57 2.45 35.2 V-0 [65]
58 1208 80.6 — 22.5 NR [66]
9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) 7.7 58 828 63.7 1.84 34.5 V-1 [66]
hexa-phenoxy-cyclotriphosphazene (HPCP) 8.2 49 510 64 2.52 32.5 V-1 [66]
57 1557 94.5 — 24.5 NR [67]
9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) 7.1 52 1301 65 1.58 35.2 V-1 [67]
61 1208 80.6 — 22.5 NR [68]
9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) 7 58 833 66.3 1.67 34 V-1 [68]
tri(phosphaphenanthrene-maleimide-phenoxyl)-triazine (DOPO-TMT) 7 56 919 71.2 1.36 29.5 NR [68]
tri(phosphaphenanthrene-maleimide-phenoxyl)-triazine (DOPO-TMT) 10.4 56 694 63.7 2.02 33 V-1 [68]
tri(phosphaphenanthrene-maleimide-phenoxyl)-triazine (DOPO-TMT) 13.9 53 776 60.6 1.79 36.2 V-0 [68]
tri(phosphaphenanthrene-maleimide-phenoxyl)-triazine (DOPO-TMT) 17.3 48 556 56.5 2.43 37.5 V-0 [68]
tri(phosphaphenanthrene-maleimide-phenoxyl)-triazine (DOPO-TMT) 20.8 50 674 59.6 1.98 38.4 V-0 [68]
47 1208 80.6 — 22.5 NR [69]
hexa(4-maleimido-phenoxyl) cyclotriphosphazene (HMCP) 3.4 39 751 77 1.39 27 NR [69]
hexa(4-maleimido-phenoxyl) cyclotriphosphazene (HMCP) 6.8 38 469 66.5 2.52 29 V-1 [69]
hexa(4-maleimido-phenoxyl) cyclotriphosphazene (HMCP) 10.2 36 506 63 2.33 33.4 V-0 [69]
hexa(4-maleimido-phenoxyl) cyclotriphosphazene (HMCP) 13.6 36 467 58 2.75 35 V-0 [69]
hexa(4-maleimido-phenoxyl) cyclotriphosphazene (HMCP) 17 39 351 50 4.60 36.5 V-0 [69]
53 939.2 227.4 — 24.2 NR [70]
addition reaction between DOPO and Schiff-base obtained in advance by the condensation of 4,4′-diaminodiphenyl methane & 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (DOPO-bp) 3.4 48 757.1 154.1 1.65 30.5 V-1 [70]
addition reaction between DOPO and Schiff-base obtained in advance by the condensation of 4,4′-diaminodiphenyl methane & 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (DOPO-bp) 6.7 47 633.9 145.2 2.05 39.7 V-0 [70]
addition reaction between DOPO and Schiff-base obtained in advance by the condensation of 4,4′-diaminodiphenyl methane & 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (DOPO-bp) 13.5 39 535.1 121.9 2.40 41.6 V-0 [70]
63 619.9 77.6 — 21.7 NR [71]
hexa-[4-(phydroxyanilino- phosphaphenanthrene methyl)-phenoxyl]-cyclotriphosphazene (CTP-DOPO) 10.6 52 349.9 51.7 2.19 36.6 V-0 [71]
63 731.2 103.2 — 20.3 NR [72]
polymelamine tetramethylene phosphonium sulfate (PMTMPS) 11 59 489.9 80.9 1.78 32.5 V-0 [72]
63 731.4 103.2 — 20.3 NR [73]
poly(urea tetramethylene phosphonium sulfate) (PUTMPS) 12 57 525.8 79.2 1.63 31.3 V-0 [73]
56 1420 144 — 26.2 NR [74]
aluminum poly-hexamethylenephosphinate (APHP) 2 54 742 98 2.71 29.3 NR [74]
aluminum poly-hexamethylenephosphinate (APHP) 4 58 540 95 4.12 32.7 V-1 [74]
aluminum poly-hexamethylenephosphinate (APHP) 6 55 603 93 3.58 33.1 NR [74]
56 1420 116 — 26.2 NR [75]
aluminum poly-hexamethylenephosphinate (APHP) 6 55 603 69 3.88 33.1 NR [75]
9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene 10-oxide (DOPO) 6 44 725 70 2.55 38.5 V-1 [75]
101 685 106 — 19 NR [76]
α,ω-dicarboxyl aromatic polyphosphonate (HP-1001-COOH) 10 72 454 84 1.35 26.6 NR [76]
α,ω-dicarboxyl aromatic polyphosphonate (HP-1001-COOH) 20 68 393 79 1.57 30.9 NR [76]
α,ω-dicarboxyl aromatic polyphosphonate (HP-1001-COOH) 30 66 324 75 1.95 32.4 V-0 [76]
α,ω-dicarboxyl aromatic polyphosphonate (HP-1001-COOH) 40 68 351 74 1.88 30.3 V-0 [76]
α,ω-dicarboxyl aromatic polyphosphonate (HP-1001-COOH) 50 76 351 85 1.83 27 V-1 [76]
56 1420 140 — 26 NR [77]
reaction between triallyl isocyanurate & 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (TAD) 4 46 1106 82 1.80 33.6 V-1 [77]
69 966 93.9 — 22.5 NR [78]
9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) 10 50 463 64.8 2.19 30.6 V-1 [78]
reaction between triallyl isocyanurate & 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (TAD) 6 51 691 60.8 1.59 32.4 NR [78]
reaction between triallyl isocyanurate & 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (TAD) 8 56 590 53.7 2.32 32.6 V-1 [78]
reaction between triallyl isocyanurate & 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (TAD) 10 54 452 57.7 2.72 34.2 V-1 [78]
reaction between triallyl isocyanurate & 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (TAD) 12 55 641 55.7 2.02 33.5 V-0 [78]
52 1334.3 58.8 — 22.2 NR [79]
piperazine-modified ammonium polyphosphate (PAz-APP) 10 33 261.5 15.6 12.20 29 V-0 [79]
piperazine-modified ammonium polyphosphate (PAz-APP) 15 33 246.1 11.3 17.90 31.5 V-0 [79]
40 980.4 55.2 — 21.5 NR [80]
diethylenetriamine-modified ammonium polyphosphate (DETA-APP) 10 35 388 12.7 9.60 28.5 V-0 [80]
diethylenetriamine-modified ammonium polyphosphate (DETA-APP) 15 32 310.5 11.4 12.23 30.5 V-0 [80]
52 995 93.3 — 22.5 NR [81]
9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) 8.3 57 437.2 60.6 3.84 31.7 V-1 [81]
tri-(phosphaphenanthrene-(hydroxyl-methylene)-phenoxyl)-1, 3, 5-triazine (Trif-DOPO) 11.7 48 390.8 70.4 3.11 33.9 NR [81]
tri-(phosphaphenanthrene-(hydroxyl-methylene)-phenoxyl)-1, 3, 5-triazine (Trif-DOPO) 14 44 420.7 67.9 2.74 36 V-0 [81]
61 1420 144 — 26.4 NR [82]
addition reaction of 1,3,5-triglycidyl isocyanurate & 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide & 10-(2,5-dihydroxyphenyl)-10-H-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (TOD) 2 61 852 89 2.69 32.8 V-1 [82]
addition reaction of 1,3,5-triglycidyl isocyanurate & 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide & 10-(2,5-dihydroxyphenyl)-10-H-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (TOD) 4 61 830 77 3.19 35.9 V-0 [82]
addition reaction of 1,3,5-triglycidyl isocyanurate & 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide & 10-(2,5-dihydroxyphenyl)-10-H-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (TOD) 6 61 720 69 4.11 38 V-0 [82]
68 1730 110 — 23 NR [83]
9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide-4,4-diaminodiphenyl methane (DOPO-DDM) 10 76 1480 49 2.93 29.5 V-1 [83]
9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide-4,4-diaminodiphenyl sulfone (DOPO-DDE) 10 78 1370 56 2.84 31.5 V-0 [83]
9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide-4,40-diaminodiphenyl ether (DOPO-DDS) 10 74 1190 60 2.90 31 V-0 [83]
61 893 112 — 23 NR [84]
diphenylphosphine containing polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (DPP-POSS) 5 65 489 94.1 2.31 33.2 V-0 [84]
diphenylphosphine oxide containing polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (DPOP-POSS) 5 62 419 87.8 2.76 29.3 V-1 [84]
9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide containing polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (DOPO-POSS) 5 64 433 91.1 2.66 30 V-1 [84]
69 961 96 — 20 NR [85]
9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide modified Aluminum hydroxide (ATH-DOPO) 10 75 586 64 2.67 25.6 NR [85]
9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide modified Aluminum hydroxide (ATH-DOPO) 20 87 341 57 5.98 27.7 V-0 [85]
9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide modified honeycomb-like mesoporous aluminum hydroxide (pATH-DOPO) 10 75 391 52 4.93 27.1 V-0 [85]
70 1000 89 — 21.5 NR [86]
bisphenol-S bridged penta(anilino)cyclotriphosphazene (BPS-BPP) 9 62 537 76 1.93 29.7 V-1 [86]
62 688 106 — 21 NR [87]
1,3,5-tris(3-(diphenylphosphoryl)propyl)-1,3,5-triazinane-2,4,6-trione (PN) 15 55 567 82 1.39 33.5 V-0 [87]
[(1,1,3,3-tetramethyl-1,3-disiloxanediyl)-di-2,1-ethanediyl]-bis(diphenylphosphine oxide) (PSi) 25 49 309 74 2.52 34 V-0 [87]
75 685 95 — 20.3 NR [88]
bis(2,6-dimethyphenyl) phenylphosphonate (BDMPP) 14 65 528 68 1.57 33.8 V-0 [88]
62 840 84 — 23 V-1 [89]
amine-terminated cyclophosphazene (ATCP) 15 66 658 62 1.84 35 V-0 [89]
57 713 64 — 28 V-1 [90]
amine-terminated cyclophosphazene (ATCP) 15 52 610 58 1.17 34 V-0 [90]
63 1068 76 — 26 NR [91]
9, 10-Dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) 4.5 83 724 73 2.02 31.5 V-1 [91]
reaction between 9, 10-Dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide & 2-aminobenzothiazole (DOPO-ABZ) 7.5 71 652 72 1.94 33.5 V-0 [91]
reaction between 9, 10-Dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide & 2-aminobenzothiazole (DOPO-ABZ) 10 66 609 67 2.08 33.5 V-0 [91]
47 1208 81 — 22.5 NR [92]
reaction between maleimide & phosphaphenanthrene & triazine-trione (DMT) 3.3 39 837 67 1.44 31.2 NR [92]
reaction between maleimide & phosphaphenanthrene & triazine-trione (DMT) 6.6 35 685 63 1.68 32.8 NR [92]
reaction between maleimide & phosphaphenanthrene & triazine-trione (DMT) 10 37 544 62 2.28 34.4 V-1 [92]
reaction between maleimide & phosphaphenanthrene & triazine-trione (DMT) 13.5 36 506 60 2.46 35.8 V-0 [92]
reaction between maleimide & phosphaphenanthrene & triazine-trione (DMT) 17 34 491 58 2.48 33 V-0 [92]
50 860 112 — 23 NR [93]
Ammonium polyphosphate (APP) 10 59 458 62 4.00 25 NR [93]
Ammonium polyphosphate–montmorillonite (APP-MMT) 10 60 393 34 8.65 30 V-0 [93]
50 860 133 — 23 NR [94]
9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) 6 64 502 79 3.69 31.2 V-1 [94]
9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide-Montmorillonite (DOPO-MMT) 6 59 398 73 4.64 33.4 V-0 [94]
65 966 96 — 22.5 NR [95]
aluminum poly-hexamethylenephosphinate (APHP) 10 56 855 90 1.03 31.5 NR [95]
bisphenol-A bis(diphenyl phosphate) (BDP) 10 50 746 86 1.11 33.4 NR [95]
56 722.7 86.7 — 20.5 NR [96]
isopropylphenyl phosphate (FIPF) 20 47 363.1 61 2.37 33 V-0 [96]
tertbutylphenyl phosphate (FTBF) 20 50 361.8 61.4 2.51 30.3 V-0 [96]
47 955 59.7 — 22.5 NR [97]
phenylphosphonic di-benzothiazolyl amide (PPDAB) 10 65 611 46.4 2.78 31 V-0 [97]
48 1227 111 — 26.8 NR [98]
boron phosphate (BP) 5 46 892 91 1.60 28.3 V-1 [98]
boron phosphate (BP) 9 47 805 89 1.86 29.2 V-1 [98]
boron phosphate (BP) 15 46 602 84 2.58 31.5 V-1 [98]
40 1163.1 90.3 — 22 NR [99]
polystyrene encapsulating ammonium polyphosphate (PS-APP) 2 21 1092.2 86.4 0.58 23.2 NR [99]
polystyrene encapsulating ammonium polyphosphate (PS-APP) 5 20 959.5 92.6 0.59 25.7 V-1 [99]
polystyrene encapsulating ammonium polyphosphate (PS-APP) 10 10 614.2 85.8 0.49 26.8 V-1 [99]
polystyrene encapsulating ammonium polyphosphate (PS-APP) 15 8 375.4 65.7 0.85 28.5 V-1 [99]
polystyrene encapsulating ammonium polyphosphate (PS-APP) 20 25 733.7 81.7 1.09 28.7 V-1 [99]
46 892 137 — 20 NR [100]
polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane containing 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO-POSS) 2.5 46 963 129 0.98 21.5 NR [100]
polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane containing 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO-POSS) 5 47 937 128 1.04 23.5 NR [100]
polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane containing 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO-POSS) 10 46 690 113 1.56 25.9 V-1 [100]
58 839 129 — 22 NR [100]
polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane containing 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO-POSS) 2.5 58 631 104 1.64 27.1 V-1 [100]
polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane containing 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO-POSS) 5 62 404 87 3.29 26.2 NR [100]
polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane containing 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO-POSS) 10 61 346 79 4.16 24.8 NR [100]
45 855 112 — 25 NR [101]
polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane containing 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO-POSS) 2.5 48 969 103 1.02 30.2 V-1 [101]
polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane containing 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO-POSS) 5 58 588 92 2.28 28.5 NR [101]
polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane containing 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO-POSS) 10 61 483 85 3.16 23 NR [101]
45 855 112 — 25 NR [102]
9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) 5 54 731 93 1.69 27.6 NR [102]
45 855 112 — 25 NR [103]
9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) 6.3 54 686 96 1.74 30.5 NR [103]
45 855 112 — 25 NR [104]
9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) 6.3 54 686 96 1.74 30.5 NR [104]
50 860 112 — 23 NR [105]
ammonium polyphosphate montmorillonite nanocomposite (APP-MMT) 10 60 393 33 8.91 30 V-0 [105]
50 860 112 — 23 NR [106]
1-oxo-4-hydroxymethyl-2,6,7-trioxa-l-phosphabicyclo[2.2.2] octane (PEPA) 5.2 53 538 78 2.43 27 NR [106]
Ammonium polyphosphate (APP) 2.9 61 1087 96 1.12 23.5 NR [106]
9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) 6.3 55 684 76 2.03 32 NR [106]
76 1160.9 135 — 22.5 NR [107]
poly(4,4-dihydroxy-1-methyl-ethyl diphenol-o-bicyclic pentaerythritol phosphatephosphate) (PCPBO) 5 65 882.8 132.1 1.14 27.3 NR [107]
poly(4,4-dihydroxy-1-methyl-ethyl diphenol-o-bicyclic pentaerythritol phosphatephosphate) (PCPBO) 10 61 460.5 122.3 2.23 28.8 NR [107]
poly(4,4-dihydroxy-1-methyl-ethyl diphenol-o-bicyclic pentaerythritol phosphatephosphate) (PCPBO) 15 44 375.4 119.8 2.017 30.3 V-1 [107]
poly(4,4-dihydroxy-1-methyl-ethyl diphenol-o-bicyclic pentaerythritol phosphatephosphate) (PCPBO) 20 31 337.1 117.3 1.616 31.2 V-0 [107]
57 1730.27 114.16 — 21.5 NR [108]
ammonium polyphosphate (APP) 15 63 397.89 35.49 15.46 36 V-0 [108]
glycidyl methacrylate microencapsulated ammonium polyphosphate (GMA-APP) 15 68 283.09 44 18.91 38.5 V-0 [108]
62 1192 184 — 20.9 NR [109]
ammonium polyphosphate(APP) 12 41 200 104 6.97 31 V-0 [109]
modified ammonium polyphosphate(MAPP) 12 47 184 98 9.22 32.5 V-0 [109]
62 1192 184 — 20.9 NR [110]
ammonium polyphosphate(APP) 12 41 200 104 6.97 31.9 V-0 [110]
66 893 68 — 22.5 NR [111]
hexa-(phosphaphenanthrene -hydroxyl-methyl-phenoxyl)-cyclotriphosphazene(HAP-DOPO) 9.3 51 383 53 2.31 31 V-0 [111]
hexa-(phosphaphenanthrene -hydroxyl-methyl-phenoxyl)-cyclotriphosphazene(HAP-DOPO) 15.47 43 303 41 3.18 30.8 V-0 [111]
65 966 102 — 22.5 NR [112]
ring-opening addition reaction between 1,3,5-triglycidyl isocyanurate & 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (TGIC-DOPO) 6.1 54 800 75 1.36 33.3 NR [112]
ring-opening addition reaction between 1,3,5-triglycidyl isocyanurate & 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (TGIC-DOPO) 8.1 54 680 76 1.58 34.3 V-1 [112]
ring-opening addition reaction between 1,3,5-triglycidyl isocyanurate & 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (TGIC-DOPO) 10.2 50 520 71 2.05 35.2 V-1 [112]
ring-opening addition reaction between 1,3,5-triglycidyl isocyanurate & 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (TGIC-DOPO) 12.2 48 481 61 2.47 33.3 V-0 [112]
35 1719 74.2 — 25 HB [113]
9,10-dihydro-9-oxy-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide units linked to the star-shaped aliphatic ground body tetra-[(acryloyloxy)ethyl] pentarythrit (DOPP) 19.6 40 1191 44.8 2.73 37.9 V-1 [113]
9,10-dihydro-9-oxy-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide units linked to the star-shaped aliphatic ground body heterocyclic tris-[(acryloyloxy)ethyl] isocyanurate (DOPI) 23.1 36 869 41.5 3.63 34.2 V-0 [113]
49 781 76 — 20.5 NR [114]
poly(melamine-ethoxyphosphinyl-diisocyanate) (PMPC) 10 59 390 33 5.55 26 NR [114]
poly(melamine-ethoxyphosphinyl-diisocyanate) (PMPC) 15 64 292 30 8.85 27.5 V-1 [114]
poly(melamine-ethoxyphosphinyl-diisocyanate) (PMPC) 20 59 235 27 11.26 28 V-0 [114]
64 821 94 — 23.2 NR [115]
9, 10-Dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) 5 54 461 70 2.01 33.7 V-1 [115]
60 920 90.5 — 22.7 NR [116]
((1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisiloxane-1,3-diyl)bis(propane-3,1-diyl))bis(2-methoxy-4,1-phenylene)bis(phenylphosphonochloridate) modified Magnesium-Aluminum layered double hydroxide (SIEPDP-Mg-Al LDH) 4 55 658 86.9 1.33 25.3 V-1 [116]
64 939 179 — 19.6 NR [117]
ammonium polyphosphate (APP) 5 61 283 111 5.09 27.1 V-0 [117]
53 1262 84.7 — 25 NR [118]
cardanol derived benzoxazine monomer (CBz) 10 49 1119 80.5 1.09 31 V-1 [118]
cardanol derived benzoxazine monomer (CBz) 15 50 920 79.4 1.38 32 V-0 [118]
cardanol derived benzoxazine monomer (CBz) 20 50 962 77.2 1.35 33 V-0 [118]
59 1063 76.1 — 25.8 NR [119]
poly (piperazine phosphaphenanthrene) (DOPMPA) 10 68 393 56.3 4.21 29 NR [119]
poly (piperazine phosphaphenanthrene) (DOPMPA) 13 67 285 27.4 11.76 34 V-0 [119]
27 673.7 56 — 22.3 NR [9]
reaction of spirocyclic pentaerythritol bisphosphorate disphosphoryl chloride & 2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone (MFR) 10 26 402.3 53.3 1.69 29.6 V-1 [9]
reaction of spirocyclic pentaerythritol bisphosphorate disphosphoryl chloride & 2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone (MFR) 15 17 479.7 47.8 1.03 30.8 V-0 [9]
reaction of spirocyclic pentaerythritol bisphosphorate disphosphoryl chloride & 2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone (MFR) 20 22 241.6 42.3 3.00 32.2 V-0 [9]
58 1369 135.6 — 23.5 NR [17]
9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide-covalent organic frameworksnanosheets(reaction between melamine & o-phthalaldehyde) (DOPO-COFs) 0.4 70.2 1295 133.4 1.30 23.5 NR [17]
9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide-covalent organic frameworksnanosheets(reaction between melamine & o-phthalaldehyde) (DOPO-COFs) 0.8 64 1086 125.3 1.50 24 NR [17]
9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide-covalent organic frameworksnanosheets(reaction between melamine & o-phthalaldehyde) (DOPO-COFs) 1.6 58.6 1227 131.5 1.16 24.5 NR [17]
9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide-covalent organic frameworksnanosheets(reaction between melamine & o-phthalaldehyde) (DOPO-COFs) 3.2 60.7 1117 110.5 1.57 25 NR [17]
COFs: covalent organic frameworksnanosheets(reaction between melamine & o-phthalaldehyde) (COFs) 3.2 55 1295 140.4 0.96 24 NR [17]
21 1910 84.4 — 22.1 NR [120]
melamine coated ammonium polyphosphate (Mel-APP) 20 22 312.6 30.8 17.54 32.6 V-0 [120]
0 51 1914 81.9 — 22 NR [121]
phosphorus and nitrogen-containing flame retardant (FR) 1 43 1631 69.6 1.16 22.5 NR [121]
0 50 1712 83.7 — — NR [122]
poly(4,4′-diamino diphenyl sulfone phenyl phosphonamide) (ArPN2) 15 29 847 61.5 1.59 — V-0 [122]
poly(bisphenol sulfone phenyl phosphonate) (ArPO2) 15 32 608 42.7 3.53 — V-1 [122]
poly(4,4′-dia-minodiphenyl sulfone phenyl dichlorophosphate) (ArOPN2) 15.6 30 546 59.4 2.65 — NR [122]
poly(bisphenol sulfone phenoxy phosphate) (ArOPO2) 15.6 30 726 55.3 2.14 — NR [122]
0 75 977 100 — — NR [123]
ionic liquid-based metal–organic hybrid = Phosphomolybdic acid hydrate:PMA & 1-ethyl 3-(diethoxyphosphoryl)-propylimidazolium bromide:IL (PMAIL) 6 85 674.4 99 1.65 — V-0 [123]
epoxy novolac resin 0 51 682 110 — — NR [124]
oligo[DOPAc-2-tris(acryloyloxy)ethyl isocyanurate] (oDOPI) 13.81 52 426 86 2.08 — V-0 [124]
Phosphazene (PZ) 10.8 50 466 80 1.97 — V-0 [124]
melamine polyphosphate(MPP) 15 45 370 86 2.08 — V-1 [124]
0 50 985.7 91 — — NR [125]
aluminum hypophosphite (AHP) 5 48 970.2 89 0.99 — V-1 [125]
23 1910 61 — — NR [126]
Melamine coated ammonium polyphosphate (Mel-APP) 29.7 24 281 23 18.81 — V-0 [126]
54 1068 75.8 — — HB [127]
Melamine poly(aluminum phosphate) (MPAlP) 20 40 540 60 1.85 — HB [127]
melamine poly(zinc phosphate) (MPZnP) 20 43 312 60 3.44 — HB [127]
melamine poly(magnesium phosphate) (MPMgP) 20 44 298 57.3 3.86 — V-1 [127]
melamine polyphosphate (MPP) 20 38 244 26.6 8.77 — V-0 [127]
diethyl aluminum phosphinate (AlPi-Et) 20 41 492 55.8 2.23 — V-0 [127]
6H-dibenz[c,e][1,2] oxaphosphorin-6-propanoic acid, butyl ester, 6-oxide (DOPAc-Bu) 20 44 624 50.2 2.10 — HB [127]
53 1084 115 — — NR [128]
hexaphenoxycyclotriphosphazene (HPCTP) 5 58 807 96 1.76 — V-0 [128]
hexaphenoxycyclotriphosphazene (HPCTP) 10 60 566 93 2.68 — V-0 [128]
hexaphenoxycyclotriphosphazene (HPCTP) 15 51 513 82 2.85 — V-0 [128]
63 1321 157 — — NR [129]
Hexaphenoxycyclotriphosphazene (HPCTP) 15 54 513 82 4.22 — V-0 [129]
100 733 141 — 21 HB [130]
Tetraphenylphosphonium modified montmorillonite (TPP-MMT) 5 110 482 140 1.68 25 HB [130]
47 891 151 — 21 HB [130]
Tetraphenylphosphonium modified montmorillonite (TPP-MMT) 5 53 571 138 1.92 25 HB [130]
22 1196 147 — 21 HB [130]
Tetraphenylphosphonium modified montmorillonite (TPP-MMT) 5 25 694 140 2.05 25 HB [130]
49 904 95 — 21 NR [131]
hyperbranched poly(phosphoester) (hbPPE) 10 49 506 62 2.73 23.6 HB [131]
hyperbranched poly(phosphoester) (hbPPE) 20 49 699 53 2.31 25.9 HB [131]
0 58 1126.3 100.36 — 26.1 — [132]
poly(cyclotriphosphazeneco-4,4′-sulfonyldiphenol) (PZS) 3 61 986.5 91.89 1.31 28.6 — [132]
hybrid poly(cyclotriphosphazeneco-4,4′-sulfonyldiphenol)-strontium hydroxystannate nanorod (PZS@SrSn(OH)6) 3 60 801.2 88.96 1.64 29.5 — [132]
0 36.6 970.9 59.1 — 19.8 — [133]
1-oxo-4-hydroxymethyl-2,6,7-trioxa-l-phosphabicyclo [2.2.2] octane modified trimellitic anhydride chloride (PEPA-TMAC) 16.5 30.1 523.7 42 2.14 23.4 — [133]
1-oxo-4-hydroxymethyl-2,6,7-trioxa-l-phosphabicyclo [2.2.2] octane modified trimellitic anhydride chloride (PEPA-TMAC) 33 33.9 337.2 36.9 4.27 26.9 — [133]
50 986 91.1 — 25.9 — [134]
poly(cyclotriphosphazene-c-sulfonyldiphenol) (PCPS) 1 49 979 92.1 0.97 27 — [134]
poly(cyclotriphosphazene-c-sulfonyldiphenol) (PCPS) 3 44 500 85.8 1.84 29.8 — [134]
poly(cyclotriphosphazene-c-sulfonyldiphenol) (PCPS) 5 43 542 78.7 1.81 30.5 — [134]
60 1146 56 — 26.5 — [135]
Boron phosphate: reaction between boric acid & phosphoric acid by calcining at 300 ˚C (BP1) 5 53 652 31 2.80 29.6 — [135]
Boron phosphate: reaction between boric acid & phosphoric acid by calcining at 400 ˚C (BP2) 5 53 654 34 2.54 29.7 — [135]
Boron phosphate: reaction between boric acid & phosphoric acid by calcining at 500 ˚C (BP3) 5 54 681 33 2.57 29.6 — [135]
Boron phosphate: reaction between boric acid & phosphoric acid by calcining at 600 ˚C (BP4) 5 56 710 38 2.22 29.3 — [135]
Boron phosphate: reaction between boric acid & phosphoric acid by calcining at 700 ˚C (BP5) 5 56 754 38 2.09 29 — [135]
86 1650 213 — 20.2 — [136]
3-((Methoxydiphenylsilyl) oxy)-9-methyl-2, 4, 8, 10-tetraoxa-3, 9-diphosphaspiro [5. 5] undecane 3, 9-dioxide (SDPS) 10.4 62 1378 203 0.90 28.9 — [136]
48 1023 109 — 22.2 — [137]
dibenzylphosphinic acid modified aluminum hydroxide (AOPH-NR) 4.25 79 789 101 2.30 28 — [137]
diallylphosphinic acid modified aluminum hydroxide (AOPH-C1) 4.25 80 1092 107 1.59 23.4 — [137]
bis(3-methoxy-3-oxopropyl)phosphinic acid modified aluminum hydroxide (AOPH-C2) 4.25 58 1063 99 1.28 23.6 — [137]
bis(2-cyanoethyl)phosphinic acid modified aluminum hydroxide (AOPH-C3) 4.25 78 1024 106 1.66 23.8 — [137]
epoxy acrylate 41 889 28.3 — 21 — [138]
N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl acrylate) aminomethyl phosphonic acid diethylester (BHAAPE) 5 35 719 25.3 1.18 28 — [138]
N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl acrylate) aminomethyl phosphonic acid diethylester (BHAAPE) 10 25 590 23.7 1.09 30 — [138]
N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl acrylate) aminomethyl phosphonic acid diethylester (BHAAPE) 20 19 508 22.3 1.02 31 — [138]
0 25 1113 222.9 — — — [139]
ammonium polyphosphate (APP) 10 35 685.9 127.4 3.97 — — [139]
0 60 2187 124 — — — [140]
poly (cyclotriphosphazene-co-4,4′-sulfonyldiphenol) (PZS) 2 57 1871 101 1.36 — — [140]
poly (cyclotriphosphazene-co-4,4′-sulfonyldiphenol)@molybdenum disulfide nanoflower (PZS@MoS2) 2 52 1335 91 1.93 — — [140]
poly (cyclotriphosphazene-co-4,4′-sulfonyldiphenol)@molybdenum disulfide nanoflower (PZS@MoS2) 3 56 1251 85 2.38 — — [140]
0 19 980 81 — — — [141]
N,N′-dibutyl-phosphate diamide assembled into the cavity of β-cyclodextrin (DBPDA-βCD) 3 19 756 75 1.40 — — [141]
0 78 2116 167.1 — — — [142]
Polyphosphazene functionalized black phosphorus nanosheets (BP-PZN) 0.5 78 1613.7 119.8 1.82 — — [142]
Polyphosphazene functionalized black phosphorus nanosheets (BP-PZN) 1 85 1082.1 73.5 4.84 — — [142]
Polyphosphazene functionalized black phosphorus nanosheets (BP-PZN) 2 81 859.5 60.8 7.02 — — [142]
black phosphorus bulk nanosheets (BP-Bulk) 2 87 1082.3 94.3 3.86 — — [142]
63 1396.9 81.3 — — — [143]
ene-terminated hyperbranched polyphosphate acrylate (HPPA) 2 57 1096.9 75.4 1.24 — — [143]
ene-terminated hyperbranched polyphosphate acrylate-thiol-functionalized mesoporous silica (HPPA-SH-mSiO2) 2 62 995.3 68.3 1.64 — — [143]
76 850 88 — — — [144]
phosphorous metal-organic framework (P-MOF) 0.5 75 766 84 1.14 — — [144]
phosphorous metal-organic framework (P-MOF) 1 79 728 71 1.50 — — [144]
phosphorous metal-organic framework (P-MOF) 2 70 615 69 1.62 — — [144]
53 1484 86.3 — — — [145]
cardanol-derived zirconium phosphate (CZrP) 2 56 1122 76.1 1.58 — — [145]
cardanol-derived zirconium phosphate (CZrP) 4 50 970 73.2 1.70 — — [145]
cardanol-derived zirconium phosphate (CZrP) 6 54 858 67.8 2.24 — — [145]
zirconium phosphate (ZrP) 6 51 1248 85.5 1.15 — — [145]
24 1002.4 104.1 — — — [146]
Dimethyl methylphosphonate loaded halloysite nanotube (DMMP-HNT) 20 24 578.1 73.8 2.44 — — [146]
54 1068 76 — 21 — [147]
melamine poly(magnesium phosphate) (S600) 20 44 298 57 3.89 — — [147]
aluminium diethylphosphinate (AlPi) 20 41 492 56 2.23 — — [147]
melamine polyphosphate (MPP) 20 38 244 26 9.00 — — [147]
74 1915.3 107.6 — — — [148]
poly-(cyclotriphos pazene-co-4,40-diaminodiphenyl ether) surface modified silica nanospheres (SiO2@PZM) 1 80 1363.4 86.8 1.88 — — [148]
poly-(cyclotriphos pazene-co-4,40-diaminodiphenyl ether) surface modified silica nanospheres-cuprous (SiO2@PZM@Cu) 1 74 1289.3 78 2.04 — — [148]
poly-(cyclotriphos pazene-co-4,40-diaminodiphenyl ether) surface modified silica nanospheres-cuprous (SiO2@PZM@Cu) 2 80 1188.8 73.9 2.53 — — [148]
82 1820.7 99.3 — — — [149]
functionalized polyphosphazene nanotubes wrapped with a cross-linked DOPO-based flame retardant (FR@PZS) 0.5 82 1584.2 87 1.31 — — [149]
functionalized polyphosphazene nanotubes wrapped with a cross-linked DOPO-based flame retardant (FR@PZS) 1 82 1298.2 80.8 1.72 — — [149]
functionalized polyphosphazene nanotubes wrapped with a cross-linked DOPO-based flame retardant (FR@PZS) 3 82 982.6 72.4 2.54 — — [149]
polyphosphazene nanotube (PZS) 3 82 1152.5 83.9 1.86 — — [149]
38 943 60.3 — — — [150]
ammonium polyphosphate (APP) 5 36 543 58.8 1.68 — — [150]
45 855 118 — — — [151]
polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane containing 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO-POSS) 20 57 431 91 3.25 — — [151]
Epoxy acrylic 32 223.4 30.8 — — — [152]
ammonium polyphosphate (APP) 30 35 225.2 30.7 1.08 — — [152]
Co-microencapsulated ammonium polyphosphate and pentaerythritol (M(APP & PER)) 30 58 233.2 27.3 1.95 — — [152]
29 2467 164 — — — [153]
Triphenylphosphite (TPPi) 15 21 504 114 5.09 — — [153]
Triphenylphosphate (TPPa) 15 12 1959 128 0.66 — — [153]
triphenylphosphine oxide (TPPO) 15 34 1310 126 2.87 — — [153]
— 32 2572 184 — — — [154]
poly(m-phenylene methyl 1phosphonate) (PMP) 11.4 12 724 102 2.40 — — [154]
9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) 13.9 7 1286 100 0.80 — — [154]
red phosphorus (RP) 4.3 7 1614 156 0.41 — — [154]
aluminum diethylphosphinate (OP) 8.3 7 1480 146 0.47 — — [154]
33 910 97.54 — — — [155]
IFR: reaction between phosphorus acid & melamine & pentaerythritol with the molar ratio of 1:1:2.12 (IFR) 30 38 357 80.35 3.56 — — [155]
IFR: reaction between phosphorus acid & melamine & pentaerythritol with the molar ratio of 1:1:2.12 (IFR) 30 65 350 82.28 6.07 — — [155]
IFR: reaction between phosphorus acid & melamine & pentaerythritol with the molar ratio of 1:1:2.12 (IFR) 30 71 263 73.25 9.91 — — [155]
67 979.7 128 — — — [156]
Butyl phosphate ester (EPE) 33.3 35 203.3 87 3.70 — — [156]
Ethylphosphonate ester (EPE) 33.3 76 304.8 80 5.83 — — [156]
Butanediol and butanol mixed phosphate ester (BBPE) 33.3 76 300.4 83 5.70 — — [156]
Butanediol and octanol mixed phosphate ester (BOPE) 33.3 79 296.9 91 5.47 — — [156]
Hexanediol and butanol mixed phosphate ester (HBPE) 33.3 82 283.1 88 6.16 — — [156]
32 910 98 — — — [157]
IFR: reaction between phosphorus acid & melamine & pentaerythritol with the molar ratio of 1:1:2 (IFR) 30 61 341 68 7.33 — — [157]
IFR: reaction between phosphorus acid & melamine & pentaerythritol with the molar ratio of 1:1:2 (IFR) 30 41 248 73 6.31 — — [157]
IFR: reaction between phosphorus acid & melamine & pentaerythritol with the molar ratio of 1:1:2 (IFR) 30 41 268 68 6.26 — — [157]
IFR: reaction between phosphorus acid & melamine & pentaerythritol with the molar ratio of 1:1:2 (IFR) 30 45 237 71 7.45 — — [157]
94 1097.2 119 — — — [158]
phosphorus oxychloride & pentaerythritol (POCl3 & PER) modified expandable graphite (EGM) 5 76 276.2 136 2.81 — — [158]
phosphorus oxychloride & pentaerythritol (POCl3 & PER) modified expandable graphite (EGM) 15 45 184.1 88 3.85 — — [158]
54 1327 99.1 — — — [159]
Phosphorylated chitosan modified montmorillonite intercalation iron compounds (PCTS-Fe-OMMT) 1 51 1071 88.3 1.31 — — [159]
Phosphorylated chitosan modified montmorillonite intercalation iron compounds (PCTS-Fe-OMMT) 3 48 917 86.8 1.46 — — [159]
Phosphorylated chitosan modified montmorillonite intercalation iron compounds (PCTS-Fe-OMMT) 5 44 794 82.2 1.64 — — [159]
41 1222 159 — — — [160]
ammonium polyphosphate (APP) 20 49 879 105 2.51 — — [160]
ammonium polyphosphate (APP) 40 56 225 55 21.44 — — [160]
0 47 1630 82.3 — — — [161]
9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide-phosphonamidate functionalized reduced graphene oxide(DOPOph-RGNO) 1 49 1268 62.3 1.77 — — [161]
9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide-phosphonamidate functionalized reduced graphene oxide(DOPOph-RGNO) 2 43 1248 55 1.78 — — [161]
9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide-phosphonamidate functionalized reduced graphene oxide(DOPOph-RGNO) 3 45 1117 54 2.12 — — [161]
0 21 453.5 36.2 — 22.1 NR [120]
melamine coated ammonium polyphosphate (Mel-APP) a 9.59 20 290.4 32.2 1.67 32 V-1 [120]
0 53 387 24.3 — 31 NR [24]
N, N′-diallyl-p-phenylphosphonicdiamide (FP1) b 2.6 49 423 20.4 1.00 43 NR [24]
0 54 508.3 47.8 — 31 NR [162]
polyelectrolyte complexes consisting of chitosan & ammonium polyphosphate (PEC) c 5.2 51 358 44 1.45 36 NR [162]
polyelectrolyte complexes consisting of chitosan & ammonium polyphosphate (PEC) c 6.9 50 307.5 39.6 1.84 38.5 V-1 [162]
polyelectrolyte complexes consisting of chitosan & ammonium polyphosphate (PEC) c 8.1 49 255.9 35.5 2.42 40.5 V-0 [162]
51 347 26.2 — 33.2 HB [113]
9,10-dihydro-9-oxy-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide units linked to the star-shaped aliphatic ground body tetra-[(acryloyloxy)ethyl] pentarythrit (DOPP) d 5.9 56 248 19.9 2.02 45.3 V-0 [113]
9,10-dihydro-9-oxy-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide units linked to the star-shaped aliphatic ground body heterocyclic tris-[(acryloyloxy)ethyl] isocyanurate (DOPI) d 6.9 60 247 20 2.16 47.7 V-0 [113]
24 451 37 — — NR [126]
Melamine coated ammonium polyphosphate (Mel-APP) e 14.6 22 233 11 5.96 — V-1 [126]
— 42 385 21.8 — 27.5 — [163,164]
IFR: contains melamine phosphate (IFR) f 4.7 35 278 18.3 1.37 35.2 — [163,164]
28 349 20.4 — — — [150]
ammonium polyphosphate (APP) g 5 24 345 18.6 0.95 — — [150]
21.2 720.5 68 — — — [165]
ammonium polyphosphate (APP) h 3.15 20.3 375.3 42 2.97 — — [165]
ammonium polyphosphate (APP) h 8.88 18.1 293.8 33 4.31 — — [165]
ammonium polyphosphate (APP) h 16.32 21 186.7 27 9.62 — — [165]
44 853 51.9 — — — [166]
melamine phosphate (MP) i 5 38 528 48.8 1.48 — — [166]
9,10-Dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) i 5 34 624 41.3 1.32 — — [166]
0 39 456 38 — — — [167]
IFR: contains melamine phosphate (IFR) j 5 35 374 28.8 1.44 — — [167]
IFR: contains melamine phosphate (IFR) j 10 50 226 17.3 5.68 — — [167]
IFR: contains melamine phosphate (IFR) j 15 94 253 18.6 8.87 — — [167]
55 754 61.3 — — — [168]
ammonium polyphosphate (APP) k 15 46 259 34.4 4.33 — — [168]
39 642 64.2 — — — [168]
ammonium polyphosphate (APP) l 15 44 232 40.1 4.99 — — [168]

a Matrix: eight layers of Woven E-glass fabric reinforced epoxy; b Matrix: six layers of dry carbon fiber fabric reinforced RTM6 epoxy; c Matrix: Unidirectional carbon fiber reinforced epoxy resin; d Matrix: Carbon fibers reinforced epoxy; e Matrix: eight layers of Woven E-glass fabric reinforced epoxy; f Matrix: eight layers of woven E-glass reinforced film of multifunctional epoxy resin; g Matrix: carbon fiber reinforced epoxy resin; h Matrix: four fabric layers of unidirectional hemp fabric reinforced epoxy; I Matrix: eight layers of woven roving glass fabric reinforced epoxy phenol novolak resin blend; j Matrix: eight layers of woven E-glass reinforced epoxy; k Matrix: six layers of plain weave hemp fabric-reinforced epoxy; l Matrix: six layers of plain weave Hemp fabrics treated with water glass-reinforced epoxy.