Table 3.
The flame retardancy performance of epoxy containing combinatory flame retardants in terms of FRI (* the name and percentage of incorporated flame retardant is given after each epoxy resin). Notes a to i on the bottom of the table are representative of composite systems containing woven or nonwoven fibers.
| Epoxy Resins and Incorporated P/NP FR * | wt.% | TTI (s) | pHRR (kW·m−2) | THR (MJ·m−2) | FRI | LOI | UL94 | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 32 | 827 | 116 | — | 21.8 | NR | [28] | |
| phenethyl-bridged 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide derivative/graphene nanosheet (DiDOPO/GN) | 3 | 51 | 374 | 99 | 4.13 | 32.2 | V-0 | [28] |
| 0 | 32 | 781 | 107 | — | 21.8 | NR | [29] | |
| phenethyl-bridged 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide derivative/multiwalled carbon nanotube (DiDOPO/MWCNT) | 10.8 | 47 | 352 | 72 | 4.84 | 38.6 | V-0 | [29] |
| 0 | 32 | 781 | 107 | — | 21.8 | NR | [30] | |
| phenethyl-bridged 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide derivative/Organically modified montmorillonite (DiDOPO/OMMT) | 7 | 46 | 396 | 95 | 3.19 | 32.2 | V-0 | [30] |
| 0 | 32 | 781 | 107 | — | 21.8 | NR | [31] | |
| phenethyl-bridged 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide derivative/organomodified magnesium aluminium layered double hydroxide (DiDOPO/OLDH) | 1 | 41 | 437 | 142 | 1.73 | 25.2 | V-0 | [31] |
| phenethyl-bridged 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide derivative/organomodified magnesium aluminium layered double hydroxide (DiDOPO/OLDH) | 5 | 44 | 420 | 120 | 2.28 | 27.8 | V-0 | [31] |
| phenethyl-bridged 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide derivative/organomodified magnesium aluminium layered double hydroxide (DiDOPO/OLDH) | 10 | 46 | 406 | 82 | 3.61 | 31.5 | V-0 | [31] |
| 0 | 30 | 1293 | 86.9 | — | 19.2 | HB | [208] | |
| IFR: Ammonium polyphosphate & pentaerythritol & melamine(APP & PER & MEL/5:3:2) (IFR) | 40 | 10 | 314 | 51 | 2.34 | 29.1 | V-0 | [208] |
| IFR: Ammonium polyphosphate & pentaerythritol & melamine(APP & PER & MEL/5:3:2)/Chicken eggshell (IFR/CES) | 40 | 22 | 266 | 45.9 | 6.75 | 29.6 | V-0 | [208] |
| IFR: Ammonium polyphosphate & pentaerythritol & melamine(APP & PER & MEL/5:3:2)/Chicken eggshell (IFR/CES) | 40 | 12 | 235 | 41.3 | 4.63 | 30.4 | V-0 | [208] |
| IFR: Ammonium polyphosphate & pentaerythritol & melamine(APP & PER & MEL/5:3:2)/Chicken eggshell (IFR/CES) | 40 | 23 | 181 | 33 | 14.4 | 31.5 | V-0 | [208] |
| IFR: Ammonium polyphosphate & pentaerythritol & melamine(APP & PER & MEL/5:3:2)/Chicken eggshell (IFR/CES) | 40 | 20 | 201 | 38 | 9.81 | 30.7 | V-0 | [208] |
| Waterborne EP resin | 0 | 25 | 344 | 18.3 | — | 19.3 | NR | [41] |
| 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide/phosphated K-carrageenan (DOPO/P-KC) | 30 | 13 | 176 | 13.3 | 1.39 | 27.1 | V-0 | [41] |
| 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide/phosphated K-carrageenan (DOPO/P-KC) | 30 | 15 | 131 | 12.3 | 2.34 | 28.2 | V-0 | [41] |
| 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide/phosphated K-carrageenan (DOPO/P-KC) | 30 | 20 | 197 | 14.5 | 1.76 | 25 | V-1 | [41] |
| 0 | 49 | 1247 | 49.8 | — | 22.5 | NR | [209] | |
| microencapsulated ammonium polyphosphate/pentaerythritol (mAPP/PER) | 10 | 27 | 961 | 39.9 | 0.89 | 29.9 | NR | [209] |
| microencapsulated ammonium polyphosphate/regenerated cotton cellulose (mAPP/RCC) | 10 | 30 | 1055 | 40.5 | 0.89 | 24.1 | NR | [209] |
| microencapsulated ammonium polyphosphate/oxidized regenerated cotton cellulose (mAPP/ORCC) | 10 | 29 | 554 | 20.9 | 3.17 | 29.5 | V-0 | [209] |
| 0 | 21 | 490 | 103 | — | 18.3 | NR | [210] | |
| 2,6,7-trioxa-1-phosphabicyclo-[2.2.2]-octane-4-methanol-trimellitic anhydride/melamine cyanurate (PEPA–TMA/MCA) | 18 | 17 | 378 | 90.4 | 1.20 | 28.9 | V-1 | [210] |
| 2,6,7-trioxa-1-phosphabicyclo-[2.2.2]-octane-4-methanol-trimellitic anhydride/melamine cyanurate (PEPA–TMA/MCA) | 24 | 15 | 221 | 57.6 | 2.84 | 29.8 | V-0 | [210] |
| 2,6,7-trioxa-1-phosphabicyclo-[2.2.2]-octane-4-methanol-trimellitic anhydride/melamine cyanurate (PEPA–TMA/MCA) | 30 | 12 | 296 | 74.8 | 1.31 | 29.1 | V-1 | [210] |
| 0 | 71 | 1146 | 56 | — | 21.2 | NR | [170] | |
| zeolitic imidazolate framework8/MgAl-layered double hydroxide (ZIF8/MgAl-LDH) | 2 | 64 | 742 | 42 | 1.86 | 24 | NR | [170] |
| zeolitic imidazolate framework67/MgAl-layered double hydroxide (ZIF67/MgAl-LDH) | 2 | 65 | 719 | 41 | 1.99 | 24.2 | NR | [170] |
| 0 | 61 | 1208 | 77.3 | — | 22.5 | NR | [52] | |
| triazine-based flame retardant/9,10-Dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (TAT/DOPO) | 20 | 44 | 849 | 74.3 | 1.07 | 29.5 | NR | [52] |
| triazine-based flame retardant/9,10-Dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (TAT/DOPO) | 20 | 44 | 682 | 64.5 | 1.53 | 34 | V-1 | [52] |
| triazine-based flame retardant/9,10-Dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (TAT/DOPO) | 20 | 47 | 558 | 56.3 | 2.29 | 36 | V-0 | [52] |
| triazine-based flame retardant/9,10-Dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (TAT/DOPO) | 20 | 41 | 500 | 48.5 | 2.59 | 38.6 | V-0 | [52] |
| triazine-based flame retardant/hexa-phenoxy-cyclotriphosphazene (TAT/HPCP) | 20 | 46 | 774 | 72.3 | 1.26 | 30.1 | NR | [52] |
| triazine-based flame retardant/hexa-phenoxy-cyclotriphosphazene (TAT/HPCP) | 20 | 43 | 598 | 59.3 | 1.86 | 33.5 | V-1 | [52] |
| triazine-based flame retardant/hexa-phenoxy-cyclotriphosphazene (TAT/HPCP) | 20 | 48 | 484 | 52.6 | 2.89 | 37.3 | V-0 | [52] |
| triazine-based flame retardant/hexa-phenoxy-cyclotriphosphazene (TAT/HPCP) | 20 | 48 | 437 | 47.8 | 3.52 | 39.6 | V-0 | [52] |
| 53 | 1121 | 102 | — | 20 | NR | [55] | ||
| ethanediamine-modified ammonium polyphosphate/Cuprous oxide (EDA-APP/Cu2O) | 21 | 62 | 364 | 64 | 5.74 | 33.5 | V-0 | [55] |
| 45 | 1091 | 83 | — | 22.8 | NR | [56] | ||
| hexakis(4-boronic acid-phenoxy)-cyclophosphazene/magnesium hydroxide (CP-6B/MH) | 3.5 | 49 | 535 | 67 | 2.75 | 31.9 | V-0 | [56] |
| 93.6 | 851 | 91.7 | — | 19.7 | NR | [211] | ||
| IFR:ammonium polyphosphate & pentaerythritol(APP & PER/3:1) (IFR) | 20 | 42.8 | 266 | 89.7 | 1.50 | 27.3 | V-1 | [211] |
| IFR:ammonium polyphosphate & pentaerythritol(APP & PER/3:1)/Hollow glass microsphere (IFR/HGM) | 20 | 55.4 | 246 | 59.7 | 3.15 | 28.8 | V-1 | [211] |
| IFR:ammonium polyphosphate & pentaerythritol(APP & PER/3:1)/Hollow glass microsphere (IFR/HGM) | 20 | 50.6 | 210 | 59.6 | 3.36 | 29.1 | V-1 | [211] |
| IFR:ammonium polyphosphate & pentaerythritol(APP & PER/3:1)/Hollow glass microsphere (IFR/HGM) | 20 | 74.9 | 178 | 44.8 | 7.85 | 34.7 | V-0 | [211] |
| IFR:ammonium polyphosphate & pentaerythritol(APP & PER/3:1)/Hollow glass microsphere (IFR/HGM) | 20 | 51.2 | 215 | 54.3 | 3.67 | 31.4 | V-0 | [211] |
| 43 | 469 | 66.2 | — | 24.7 | NR | [58] | ||
| Ammonium polyphosphate/poly(4,40-diamino diphenyl sulfone 2,6,7-trioxa-1-phosphabicyclo[2.2.2]octane-4-methanol-substituted phosphoramide) (APP/PSA) | 10 | 34 | 132 | 21.3 | 8.73 | 32 | V-0 | [58] |
| 29 | 1340 | 36.3 | — | 22.5 | NR | [212] | ||
| microencapsulated ammonium polyphosphate/pentaerythritol (MFAPP/PER) | 12.5 | 24 | 422 | 20.6 | 4.63 | 24.9 | NR | [212] |
| microencapsulated ammonium polyphosphate/corn starch (MFAPP/ST) | 12.5 | 24 | 457 | 15.2 | 5.80 | 30.1 | V-0 | [212] |
| microencapsulated ammonium polyphosphate/oxidized corn starch (MFAPP/OST) | 12.5 | 22 | 400 | 13.4 | 6.88 | 29.5 | V-0 | [212] |
| 58 | 1208 | 80.6 | — | 22.5 | NR | [66] | ||
| expandable graphite/9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (EG/DOPO) | 20 | 48 | 236 | 48.4 | 7.05 | 35 | V-1 | [66] |
| expandable graphite/9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (EG/DOPO) | 20 | 48 | 296 | 48.8 | 5.58 | 38 | V-0 | [66] |
| expandable graphite/9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (EG/DOPO) | 20 | 48 | 405 | 50 | 3.98 | 42 | V-0 | [66] |
| expandable graphite/9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (EG/DOPO) | 20 | 48 | 442 | 51.4 | 3.55 | 41.5 | V-0 | [66] |
| expandable graphite/hexa-phenoxy-cyclotriphosphazene (EG/HPCP) | 20 | 48 | 259 | 49.7 | 6.26 | 33.5 | V-1 | [66] |
| expandable graphite/hexa-phenoxy-cyclotriphosphazene (EG/HPCP) | 20 | 48 | 340 | 48 | 4.94 | 36 | V-0 | [66] |
| expandable graphite/hexa-phenoxy-cyclotriphosphazene (EG/HPCP) | 20 | 48 | 809 | 50.6 | 1.97 | 40.5 | V-0 | [66] |
| expandable graphite/hexa-phenoxy-cyclotriphosphazene (EG/HPCP) | 20 | 48 | 760 | 42.2 | 2.51 | 39 | V-0 | [66] |
| 57 | 1557 | 94.5 | — | 24.5 | NR | [67] | ||
| nucleophilic substitution reaction between N-(4-hydroxyphenyl) maleimide & cyanuric chloride/9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (TMT/DOPO) | 11 | 45 | 1210 | 74.7 | 1.29 | 34 | V-1 | [67] |
| nucleophilic substitution reaction between N-(4-hydroxyphenyl) maleimide & cyanuric chloride/9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (TMT/DOPO) | 12.3 | 46 | 1085 | 70.3 | 1.56 | 36.5 | V-0 | [67] |
| nucleophilic substitution reaction between N-(4-hydroxyphenyl) maleimide & cyanuric chloride/9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (TMT/DOPO) | 13.7 | 47 | 1105 | 70.8 | 1.55 | 38 | V-0 | [67] |
| nucleophilic substitution reaction between N-(4-hydroxyphenyl) maleimide & cyanuric chloride/9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (TMT/DOPO) | 15 | 44 | 980 | 61 | 1.90 | 40.3 | V-0 | [67] |
| 56 | 1420 | 116 | — | 26.2 | NR | [75] | ||
| 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene 10-oxide/aluminum poly-hexamethylenephosphinate (DOPO/APHP) | 6 | 50 | 539 | 63 | 4.33 | 39.3 | V-1 | [75] |
| 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene 10-oxide/aluminum poly-hexamethylenephosphinate (DOPO/APHP) | 6 | 46 | 510 | 58 | 4.57 | 39.5 | V-0 | [75] |
| 56 | 1420 | 140 | — | 26 | NR | [77] | ||
| reaction between triallyl isocyanurate & 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide/organically modified montmorillonite (TAD/OMMT) | 5 | 41 | 961 | 108 | 1.40 | 36.9 | V-0 | [77] |
| 82 | 685 | 145 | — | 21.3 | NR | [213] | ||
| flame retardant containing phosphorus & 4-tert-butylcalix[4]arene/ammonium polyphosphate (FR/APP) | 30 | 92 | 332 | 108 | 3.11 | 27.4 | V-1 | [213] |
| flame retardant containing phosphorus & 4-tert-butylcalix[4]arene/ammonium polyphosphate (FR/APP) | 30 | 91 | 361 | 82 | 3.73 | 28.6 | V-1 | [213] |
| flame retardant containing phosphorus & 4-tert-butylcalix[4]arene/ammonium polyphosphate (FR/APP) | 30 | 115 | 229 | 74 | 8.22 | 29.3 | V-0 | [213] |
| flame retardant containing phosphorus & 4-tert-butylcalix[4]arene/ammonium polyphosphate (FR/APP) | 30 | 100 | 203 | 74 | 8.07 | 30.8 | V-0 | [213] |
| 62 | 840 | 84 | — | 23 | V-1 | [89] | ||
| amine-terminated cyclophosphazene/3-aminopropyltrimethoxy silane-functionalized rice husk ash (ATCP/FRHA) | 16 | 56 | 542 | 56 | 2.10 | 44 | V-0 | [89] |
| amine-terminated cyclophosphazene/3-aminopropyltrimethoxy silane-functionalized rice husk ash (ATCP/FRHA) | 18 | 69 | 427 | 42 | 4.38 | 51 | V-0 | [89] |
| amine-terminated cyclophosphazene/3-aminopropyltrimethoxy silane-functionalized rice husk ash (ATCP/FRHA) | 20 | 77 | 340 | 30 | 8.59 | 62 | V-0 | [89] |
| 57 | 713 | 64 | — | — | — | [90] | ||
| amine-terminated cyclophosphazene/3-aminopropyltrimethoxy silane-functionalized rice husk ash (ATCP/FRHA) | 16 | 48 | 435 | 51 | 1.73 | 39 | V-0 | [90] |
| amine-terminated cyclophosphazene/3-aminopropyltrimethoxy silane-functionalized rice husk ash (ATCP/FRHA) | 18 | 45 | 374 | 43 | 2.24 | 45 | V-0 | [90] |
| amine-terminated cyclophosphazene/3-aminopropyltrimethoxy silane-functionalized rice husk ash (ATCP/FRHA) | 20 | 40 | 289 | 31 | 3.57 | 51 | V-0 | [90] |
| 50 | 860 | 112 | — | 23 | NR | [93] | ||
| Ammonium polyphosphate/montmorillonite (APP/MMT) | 10 | 53 | 524 | 50 | 3.90 | 28 | V-0 | [93] |
| 50 | 860 | 133 | — | 23 | NR | [94] | ||
| 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide/Montmorillonite (DOPO/MMT) | 6 | 52 | 473 | 76 | 3.31 | 33 | V-1 | [94] |
| 65 | 966 | 96 | — | 22.5 | NR | [95] | ||
| bisphenol-A bis(diphenyl phosphate)/aluminum poly-hexamethylenephosphinate (BDP/PHP) | 10 | 51 | 672 | 86 | 1.26 | 35 | V-0 | [95] |
| 45 | 855 | 112 | — | 3 | 3.2 | [102] | ||
| octaphenyl polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane/9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (OPS/DOPO) | 5 | 54 | 603 | 89 | 2.14 | 29 | V-1 | [102] |
| 45 | 855 | 112 | — | 25 | NR | [103] | ||
| 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide/Octaphenyl silsesquioxane (DOPO/OPS) | 5.2 | 51 | 557 | 95 | 2.05 | 31.1 | V-0 | [103] |
| 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide/Polyphenyl silsesquioxane (DOPO/PPSQ) | 5.2 | 49 | 895 | 100 | 1.17 | 31.2 | NR | [103] |
| 45 | 855 | 112 | — | 25 | NR | [104] | ||
| 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide/Octaphenyl silsesquioxane (DOPO/OPS) | 5.2 | 51 | 557 | 95 | 2.05 | 31.1 | V-0 | [104] |
| 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide/Octaaminophenylsilsesquioxane (DOPO/OAPS) | 5.4 | 53 | 645 | 102 | 1.71 | 33.8 | V-1 | [104] |
| 50 | 860 | 112 | — | 3 | 3.2 | [105] | ||
| octaphenyl polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane/ 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (OPS/DOPO) | 5 | 58 | 540 | 82 | 2.52 | 31 | V-0 | [105] |
| 50 | 860 | 112 | — | — | — | [106] | ||
| Octaphenyl polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane/1-oxo-4-hydroxymethyl-2,6,7-trioxa-l-phosphabicyclo[2.2.2] octane (OPS/PEPA) | 4.7 | 52 | 524 | 84 | 2.28 | 25.5 | NR | [106] |
| Octaphenyl polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane/Ammonium polyphosphate (OPS/APP) | 3.5 | 63 | 584 | 101 | 2.06 | 24.6 | NR | [106] |
| Octaphenyl polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane/9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (OPS/DOPO) | 5.2 | 55 | 548 | 83 | 2.33 | 30.8 | V-1 | [106] |
| 64 | 821 | 94 | — | 23.2 | NR | [115] | ||
| polyhedral oligomeric octadiphenylsulfonylsilsesquioxane/9, 10-Dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (ODPSS/DOPO) | 5 | 57 | 438 | 69 | 2.27 | 29.8 | V-0 | [115] |
| 20 | 662 | 88.6 | — | 20.5 | NR | [214] | ||
| bis(diphenyl phosphate) oligomer/polyphosphoric acid (BBO/PPA) | 20 | 30 | 224 | 63.2 | 6.21 | 26 | V-0 | [214] |
| 108 | 1634 | 78 | — | 19.8 | NR | [174] | ||
| Trisilanolisobutyl Polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane/triglycidyl isocyanurate (T8POSS/TGIC) | 10 | 88 | 944 | 58 | 1.90 | 20.9 | NR | [174] |
| 64 | 939 | 179 | — | 19.6 | NR | [117] | ||
| ammonium polyphosphate/metal compounds (APP/CoSA) | 5 | 65 | 310 | 95 | 5.80 | 29.4 | V-0 | [117] |
| 53 | 1262 | 84.7 | — | 25 | NR | [118] | ||
| cardanol derived benzoxazine monomer/boron-doped graphene (CBz/BGN) | 10 | 49 | 870 | 75.9 | 1.50 | 30 | V-0 | [118] |
| cardanol derived benzoxazine monomer/boron-doped graphene (CBz/BGN) | 15 | 52 | 650 | 74.4 | 2.17 | 33 | V-0 | [118] |
| cardanol derived benzoxazine monomer/boron-doped graphene (CBz/BGN) | 20 | 56 | 716 | 78.7 | 2.00 | 33 | V-0 | [118] |
| 21 | 1910 | 84.4 | — | 22.1 | NR | [120] | ||
| melamine coated ammonium polyphosphate/layered double hydroxide (Mel-APP/LDH) | 20 | 20 | 240 | 30.3 | 21.10 | 33.2 | V-0 | [120] |
| melamine coated ammonium polyphosphate/halloysite nano-tube (Mel-APP/HNT) | 20 | 20 | 246 | 26.2 | 23.90 | 32.7 | V-0 | [120] |
| epoxy novolac resin | 0 | 51 | 682 | 110 | — | — | NR | [124] |
| oligo[DOPAc-2-tris(acryloyloxy)ethyl isocyanurate] /melamine polyphosphate (oDOPI/MPP) | 32.8 | 48 | 341 | 85 | 2.44 | — | V-0 | [124] |
| boehmite/oligo[DOPAc-2-tris(acryloyloxy)ethyl isocyanurate] (AlO(OH)/oDOPI) | 41.1 | 71 | 319 | 74 | 4.42 | — | V-0 | [124] |
| melamine polyphosphate/phosphazene (MPP/PZ) | 16.5 | 50 | 310 | 82 | 2.89 | — | V-0 | [124] |
| boehmite/phosphazene (AlO(OH)/PZ) | 33.1 | 66 | 435 | 79 | 2.83 | — | V-0 | [124] |
| 0 | 50 | 986 | 91 | — | — | NR | [125] | |
| aluminum hypophosphite/activated carbon spheres@SnO2@NiO hybrid (AHP/ACS@SnO2@NiO) | 5 | 54 | 714 | 76 | 1.78 | — | V-0 | [125] |
| 23 | 1910 | 61 | — | — | NR | [126] | ||
| Melamine coated ammonium polyphosphate/Talc (Mel-APP/Talc) | 29.7 | 28 | 357 | 24 | 16.60 | — | V-0 | [126] |
| 54 | 1068 | 75.8 | — | — | HB | [127] | ||
| melamine polyphosphate/melamine poly(zinc phosphate) (MPP/MPZnP) | 20 | 38 | 207 | 51.1 | 5.39 | — | V-1 | [127] |
| diethyl aluminum phosphinate/melamine poly(zinc phosphate) (AlPi-Et/MPZnP) | 20 | 43 | 405 | 51.2 | 3.11 | — | HB | [127] |
| 6H-dibenz[c,e][1,2] oxaphosphorin-6-propanoic acid, butyl ester, 6-oxide/melamine poly(zinc phosphate) (DOPAc-Bu/MPZnP) | 20 | 42 | 329 | 57.6 | 3.32 | — | V-1 | [127] |
| boehmite/melamine poly(zinc phosphate) (AlO(OH)/MPZnP) | 20 | 43 | 438 | 57.2 | 2.57 | — | HB | [127] |
| amorphous silicon dioxide/melamine poly(zinc phosphate) (MPZnP/SiO2) | 20 | 37 | 525 | 62.4 | 1.69 | — | HB | [127] |
| melamine polyphosphate/melamine poly(zinc phosphate) (MPP/MPZnP) | 20 | 41 | 211 | 32.5 | 8.96 | — | V-0 | [127] |
| diethyl aluminum phosphinate/melamine poly(zinc phosphate) (AlPi-Et/MPZnP) | 20 | 41 | 435 | 53.8 | 2.63 | — | V-1 | [127] |
| 6H-dibenz[c,e][1,2] oxaphosphorin-6-propanoic acid, butyl ester, 6-oxide/melamine poly(zinc phosphate) (DOPAc-Bu/MPZnP) | 20 | 41 | 412 | 52.1 | 2.86 | — | HB | [127] |
| boehmite/melamine poly(zinc phosphate) (AlO(OH)/MPZnP) | 20 | 43 | 575 | 57.9 | 1.94 | — | HB | [127] |
| amorphous silicon dioxide/melamine poly(zinc phosphate) (SiO2/MPZnP) | 20 | 37 | 681 | 65.6 | 1.24 | — | HB | [127] |
| 63 | 1321 | 157 | — | — | NR | [129] | ||
| hexaphenoxycyclotriphosphazene/octapropylglycidylether polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (HPCTP/OGPOSS) | 15 | 58 | 707 | 123 | 2.20 | — | V-0 | [129] |
| hexaphenoxycyclotriphosphazene/octapropylglycidylether polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (HPCTP/OGPOSS) | 15 | 56 | 581 | 110 | 2.88 | — | V-0 | [129] |
| hexaphenoxycyclotriphosphazene/octapropylglycidylether polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (HPCTP/OGPOSS) | 15 | 56 | 560 | 105 | 3.14 | — | V-0 | [129] |
| 100 | 733 | 141 | — | 21 | HB | [130] | ||
| Tetraphenylphosphonium modified montmorillonite/Silicate glass (CP/TPP-MMT) | 15 | 101 | 353 | 131 | 2.26 | 25 | HB | [130] |
| 47 | 891 | 151 | — | 21 | HB | [130] | ||
| Tetraphenylphosphonium modified montmorillonite/Silicate glass (CP/TPP-MMT) | 15 | 48 | 474 | 130 | 2.23 | 25 | HB | [130] |
| 22 | 1196 | 147 | — | 21 | HB | [130] | ||
| Tetraphenylphosphonium modified montmorillonite/Silicate glass (CP/TPP-MMT) | 15 | 22 | 617 | 130 | 2.19 | 25 | HB | [130] |
| 0 | 69 | 1150 | 54.7 | — | 22 | — | [176] | |
| molybdenum disulfide/titanium dioxide nanotube (MoS2/TNT) | 2 | 56 | 742 | 38.6 | 1.78 | 26 | — | [176] |
| 24 | 1002 | 104 | — | 18 | — | [215] | ||
| Ammonium polyphosphate/Pentaerythritol modified halloysite tube (APP/PER-HNT) | 25 | 33 | 562 | 51.8 | 4.93 | 24.8 | — | [215] |
| 54 | 1068 | 76 | — | 21 | — | [147] | ||
| melamine poly(magnesium phosphate)/aluminium diethylphosphinate (S600/AlPi) | 20 | 44 | 479 | 46 | 3.00 | 30.4 | — | [147] |
| melamine poly(magnesium phosphate)/boehmite (S600/AlO(OH)) | 20 | 38 | 437 | 55 | 2.38 | 28.9 | — | [147] |
| melamine poly(magnesium phosphate)/melamine polyphosphate (S600/MPP) | 20 | 39 | 208 | 54 | 5.22 | 28.4 | — | [147] |
| 86 | 1650 | 213 | — | 20.2 | — | [136] | ||
| 3-((Methoxydiphenylsilyl) oxy)-9-methyl-2, 4, 8, 10-tetraoxa-3, 9-diphosphaspiro [5. 5] undecane 3, 9-dioxide/Mono (4, 6-diamino-1, 3, 5-triazin-2-aminium) (2, 4, 8, 10-tetraoxa-3, 9-diphosphaspiro [5. 5] undecane-3, 9-bis (olate) 3, 9-dioxide) (SDPS/SPDM) | 10.4 | 62 | 1122 | 207 | 1.09 | 30.8 | — | [136] |
| 0 | 70 | 1491 | 81 | — | 19 | NR | [47] | |
| aluminum diethyl phosphinate/Melamine polyphosphate (AlPi/MPP) | 7 | 61 | 505 | 48 | 4.34 | — | — | [47] |
| aluminum diethyl phosphinate/Melamine polyphosphate/aluminum oxide (AlPi/MPP/Al2O3) | 7 | 66 | 533 | 58 | 3.68 | — | — | [47] |
| 0 | 25 | 1113 | 223 | — | — | — | [139] | |
| ammonium polyphosphate/char sulfonic acid (APP/CSA) | 10 | 24 | 672 | 127 | 2.78 | — | — | [139] |
| ammonium polyphosphate/char sulfonic acid (APP/CSA) | 10 | 23 | 665 | 107 | 3.21 | — | — | [139] |
| ammonium polyphosphate/char sulfonic acid (APP/CSA) | 10 | 27 | 698 | 137 | 2.81 | — | — | [139] |
| 0 | 117 | 1184 | 95.3 | — | — | — | [182] | |
| Boron Nitride with D50 = 12 μm/Boron Nitride with D50 = 2 μm (BN 12 μm/BN 2 μm) | 45 | 164 | 918 | 75.7 | 2.28 | — | — | [182] |
| Boron Nitride with D50 = 12 μm/Boehmite with D50 = 2 μm (BN 12 μm/BT 2 μm) | 45 | 163 | 729 | 65.1 | 3.31 | — | — | [182] |
| 60 | 923 | 124 | — | — | — | [216] | ||
| IFR: ammonium polyphosphate & pentaerythritol(APP & PER/3:1) (IFR) | 30 | 64 | 285 | 64.1 | 6.69 | — | — | [216] |
| IFR: ammonium polyphosphate & pentaerythritol(APP & PER/3:1)/ferric phosphate (IFR/FeP) | 30 | 46 | 170 | 56 | 9.23 | — | — | [216] |
| IFR:ammonium polyphosphate & pentaerythritol(APP & PER/3:1)/ferric phosphate (IFR/FeP) | 30 | 42 | 185 | 49.3 | 8.80 | — | — | [216] |
| IFR: ammonium polyphosphate & pentaerythritol(APP & PER/3:1)/ferric phosphate (IFR/FeP) | 30 | 39 | 167 | 39.7 | 11.20 | — | — | [216] |
| IFR: ammonium polyphosphate & pentaerythritol(APP & PER/3:1)/ferric phosphate (IFR/FeP) | 30 | 41 | 180 | 44.6 | 9.76 | — | — | [216] |
| 62 | 913 | 155 | — | — | — | [217] | ||
| IFR: ammonium polyphosphate & pentaerythritol(APP & PER/3:1) (IFR) | 30 | 49 | 260 | 56 | 7.68 | — | — | [217] |
| IFR: ammonium polyphosphate & pentaerythritol(APP & PER/3:1)/ferrite yellow: goethite (IFR/αFeOOH) | 30 | 46 | 172 | 47 | 13.00 | — | — | [217] |
| IFR: ammonium polyphosphate & pentaerythritol(APP & PER/3:1)/ferrite yellow: goethite (IFR/αFeOOH) | 30 | 53 | 166 | 36 | 20.20 | — | — | [217] |
| IFR: ammonium polyphosphate & pentaerythritol(APP & PER/3:1)/ferrite yellow: goethite (IFR/αFeOOH) | 30 | 50 | 196 | 40 | 14.60 | — | — | [217] |
| IFR: ammonium polyphosphate & pentaerythritol(APP & PER/3:1)/ferrite yellow: goethite (IFR/αFeOOH) | 30 | 52 | 217 | 74 | 7.39 | — | — | [217] |
| 60 | 923 | 124 | — | — | — | [218] | ||
| IFR: ammonium polyphosphate & pentaerythritol(APP & PER/3:1) (IFR) | 30 | 49 | 285 | 64.1 | 5.12 | — | — | [218] |
| IFR: ammonium polyphosphate & pentaerythritol(APP & PER/3:1)/iron oxide brown (IFR/iron oxide brown) | 30 | 34 | 167 | 38.3 | 10.20 | — | — | [218] |
| IFR: ammonium polyphosphate & pentaerythritol(APP & PER/3:1)/iron oxide brown (IFR/iron oxide brown) | 30 | 45 | 126 | 31 | 22.00 | — | — | [218] |
| IFR: ammonium polyphosphate & pentaerythritol(APP & PER/3:1)/iron oxide brown (IFR/iron oxide brown) | 30 | 48 | 124 | 29.3 | 25.20 | — | — | [218] |
| IFR: ammonium polyphosphate & pentaerythritol(APP & PER/3:1)/iron oxide brown (IFR/iron oxide brown) | 30 | 53 | 163 | 43.2 | 14.40 | — | — | [218] |
| 68 | 1730 | 113 | — | — | — | [193] | ||
| Ni–Fe layered double hydroxide/graphene nanosheets (Ni–Fe LDH/GN) | 2 | 89 | 678 | 44.2 | 8.55 | — | — | [193] |
| Epoxy acrylic | 32 | 223 | 30.8 | — | — | — | [152] | |
| ammonium polyphosphate/pentaerythritol (APP/PER) | 30 | 61 | 188 | 25.2 | 2.77 | — | — | [152] |
| 70 | 934 | 124 | — | — | — | [219] | ||
| IFR: ammonium polyphosphate & pentaerythrite(APP & PER/3:1) (IFR) | 30 | 70 | 282 | 64 | 6.42 | — | — | [219] |
| IFR: ammonium polyphosphate & pentaerythrite(APP & PER/3:1)/organic-modified iron–montmorillonite (IFR/Fe-OMMT) | 30 | 20 | 243 | 70 | 1.95 | — | — | [219] |
| IFR: ammonium polyphosphate & pentaerythrite(APP & PER/3:1)/organic-modified iron–montmorillonite (IFR/Fe-OMMT) | 30 | 15 | 153 | 54 | 3.00 | — | — | [219] |
| IFR: ammonium polyphosphate & pentaerythrite(APP & PER/3:1)/organic-modified iron–montmorillonite (IFR/Fe-OMMT) | 30 | 30 | 154 | 68 | 4.74 | — | — | [219] |
| IFR: ammonium polyphosphate & pentaerythrite(APP & PER/3:1)/organic-modified iron–montmorillonite (IFR/Fe-OMMT) | 30 | 15 | 194 | 65 | 1.97 | — | — | [219] |
| 41 | 1222 | 159 | — | — | — | [160] | ||
| ammonium polyphosphate/onium ion modified nanoclay (APP/I.30E) | 23 | 149 | 363 | 92 | 21.10 | — | — | [160] |
| 0 | 21 | 454 | 36.2 | — | 22.1 | NR | [120] | |
| melamine coated ammonium polyphosphate/layered double hydroxide (Mel-APP/LDH) a | 9.55 | 21 | 259 | 22.6 | 2.81 | 31.7 | V-1 | [120] |
| melamine coated ammonium polyphosphate/halloysite nano-tube (Mel-APP/HNT) a | 9.61 | 22 | 262 | 18.4 | 3.57 | 31.4 | V-1 | [120] |
| 24 | 451 | 37 | — | — | NR | [126] | ||
| Melamine coated ammonium polyphosphate/Talc (Mel-APP/Talc) b | 14.8 | 21 | 169 | 16 | 5.40 | — | NR | [126] |
| — | 42 | 385 | 21.8 | — | 27.5 | — | [163,164] | |
| IFR contains melamine phosphate/cellulosic fibre containing polysilicic acid (IFR/Vis) c | 10 | 38 | 262 | 17.9 | 1.62 | 36.2 | — | [163,164] |
| IFR contains melamine phosphate/phenol–formaldehyde fibers (Ky/IFR) c | 10 | 55 | 354 | 23.2 | 1.34 | 30.2 | — | [163,164] |
| 0 | 33 | 520 | 29.4 | — | — | — | [205] | |
| Zinc borate/magnesium hydroxide (ZB/Mg(OH)2) d | 1 | 32 | 552 | 41.8 | 0.64 | — | — | [205] |
| Zinc borate/magnesium hydroxide (ZB/Mg(OH)2) d | 7.5 | 37 | 483 | 37.4 | 0.95 | — | — | [205] |
| Zinc borate/magnesium hydroxide (ZB/Mg(OH)2) d | 15 | 38 | 439 | 35.4 | 1.13 | — | — | [205] |
| Zinc borate/magnesium hydroxide (ZB/Mg(OH)2) d | 25 | 40 | 380 | 27.2 | 1.79 | — | — | [205] |
| Zinc borate/aluminum hydroxide (ZB/Al(OH)3) d | 1 | 33 | 525 | 35 | 0.83 | — | — | [205] |
| Zinc borate/aluminum hydroxide (ZB/Al(OH)3) d | 7.5 | 36 | 480 | 37.4 | 0.93 | — | — | [205] |
| Zinc borate/aluminum hydroxide (ZB/Al(OH)3) d | 15 | 27 | 439 | 37.2 | 0.77 | — | — | [205] |
| Zinc borate/aluminum hydroxide (ZB/Al(OH)3) d | 25 | 30 | 409 | 37.7 | 0.90 | — | — | [205] |
| 44 | 853 | 51.9 | — | — | — | [166] | ||
| melamine phosphate/Graphene (MP/GN) e | 5 | 36 | 483 | 47.9 | 1.57 | — | — | [166] |
| 9,10-Dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide/Graphene (DOPO/GN) e | 5 | 32 | 538 | 36.5 | 1.64 | — | — | [166] |
| 119 | 294 | 114 | — | — | — | [220] | ||
| organic phosphinate/Zinc borate (PFR/ZB) f | 30 | 116 | 209 | 123 | 1.27 | — | — | [220] |
| 0 | 39 | 456 | 38 | — | — | — | [167] | |
| IFR contains melamine phosphate/cellulosic fibre containing polysilicic acid (IFR/Vis) g | 5 | 49 | 391 | 20.3 | 2.74 | — | — | [167] |
| IFR contains melamine phosphate/cellulosic fibre containing polysilicic acid (IFR/Vis) g | 7.5 | 45 | 433 | 34 | 1.36 | — | — | [167] |
| IFR contains melamine phosphate/cellulosic fibre containing polysilicic acid (IFR/Vis) g | 10 | 52 | 488 | 33.2 | 1.43 | — | — | [167] |
| IFR contains melamine phosphate/cellulosic fibre containing polysilicic acid (IFR/Vis) g | 12.5 | 54 | 488 | 31.3 | 1.57 | — | — | [167] |
| IFR contains melamine phosphate/cellulosic fibre containing polysilicic acid (IFR/Vis) g | 15 | 66 | 451 | 28.4 | 2.29 | — | — | [167] |
| IFR contains melamine phosphate/cellulosic fibre containing polysilicic acid (IFR/Vis) g | 7.5 | 39 | 379 | 32.2 | 1.42 | — | — | [167] |
| IFR contains melamine phosphate/cellulosic fibre containing polysilicic acid (IFR/Vis) g | 10 | 80 | 408 | 25.5 | 3.42 | — | — | [167] |
| IFR contains melamine phosphate/cellulosic fibre containing polysilicic acid (IFR/Vis) g | 12.5 | 59 | 379 | 24.5 | 2.82 | — | — | [167] |
| IFR contains melamine phosphate/cellulosic fibre containing polysilicic acid (IFR/Vis) g | 15 | 77 | 434 | 22.9 | 3.44 | — | — | [167] |
| IFR contains melamine phosphate/cellulosic fibre containing polysilicic acid (IFR/Vis) g | 10 | 76 | 346 | 24.3 | 4.02 | — | — | [167] |
| IFR contains melamine phosphate/cellulosic fibre containing polysilicic acid (IFR/Vis) g | 12.5 | 89 | 342 | 23 | 5.03 | — | — | [167] |
| IFR contains melamine phosphate/cellulosic fibre containing polysilicic acid (IFR/Vis) g | 15 | 90 | 442 | 20.6 | 4.39 | — | — | [167] |
| IFR contains melamine phosphate/cellulosic fibre containing polysilicic acid (IFR/Vis) g | 12.5 | 67 | 277 | 22.8 | 4.71 | — | — | [167] |
| IFR contains melamine phosphate/cellulosic fibre containing polysilicic acid (IFR/Vis) g | 15 | 89 | 339 | 20.3 | 5.75 | — | — | [167] |
| IFR contains melamine phosphate/cellulosic fibre containing polysilicic acid (IFR/Vis) g | 15 | 97 | 226 | 15.9 | 12.00 | — | — | [167] |
| IFR contains melamine phosphate/cellulosic fibre containing polysilicic acid (IFR/Vis) g | 17.5 | 100 | 236 | 23.4 | 8.05 | — | — | [167] |
| 125 | 857 | 50 | — | — | — | [174] | ||
| Trisilanolisobutyl Polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane/triglycidyl isocyanurate (T8POSS/TGIC) h | 5 | 114 | 385 | 32 | 3.17 | — | — | [174] |
| 40 | 525 | 62 | — | — | — | [221] | ||
| IFR contains melamine phosphate/cellulosic fibre containing polysilicic acid (IFR/Vis) i | 5 | 24 | 365 | 67 | 0.80 | — | — | [221] |
| IFR contains melamine phosphate/cellulosic fibre containing polysilicic acid (IFR/Vis) i | 7.5 | 31 | 290 | 41 | 2.12 | — | — | [221] |
| IFR contains melamine phosphate/cellulosic fiber containing polysilicic acid (IFR/Vis) i | 10 | 28 | 242 | 36 | 2.62 | — | — | [221] |
a Matrix: eight layers of woven E-glass fabric reinforced epoxy; b Matrix: eight layers of woven E-glass fabric reinforced epoxy; c Matrix: eight layers of woven E-glass reinforced film of multifunctional epoxy resin; d Matrix: eight plies of carbon fiber reinforced system HexFlow RTM6 (matrix) and HexForce G0939 (fabric); e Matrix: eight layers of woven roving glass fabric reinforced epoxy phenol novolak resin blend; f Matrix: epoxy fiber S2-glass panels; g Matrix: eight layers of woven E-glass reinforced epoxy; h Matrix: eight layers of woven glass Fiber Reinforced epoxy; i Matrix: eight ply woven roving E-glass fiber-reinforced epoxy.