Table 4.
Household practices on key Suaahara‐promoted health, nutrition, and water, sanitation, and hygiene practices
| Comparison | Intervention | Basic Model Significancea | Full Model Significanceb | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N = 240 | N = 232 | |||
| Mean (SD)/% | Mean (SD)/% | P value | P value | |
| Maternal health and nutrition: percent reported | ||||
| Received any ANC | 86.3 | 95.3 | .005 | .165 |
| Received ANC from a skilled provider* (among those who received any ANC; N = 207‐C, 222‐I) | 96.1 | 93.7 | .160 | .757 |
| Received four ANC check‐ups* (among mothers who reported; N = 222‐C, 209‐I) | 44.6 | 40.7 | .553 | .318 |
| Iron/Folic acid tablets for 180 days (pregnancy*; among mothers who reported; N = 206‐C, 205‐I) | 41.8 | 60.0** | .023 | .010 |
| FCHV as source of ANC services/counseling | 52.9 | 69.8*** | .011 | <.001 |
| Eating more than usual during pregnancy | 32.1 | 75.9*** | <.001 | <.001 |
| Institutional delivery (hospital, center or post*; N = 196‐C, 164‐I) | 48.5 | 68.3 | .018 | .092 |
| Any delivery assistance* (N = 196‐C, 164‐I) | 95.9 | 100.0 | N/A | N/A |
| Skilled delivery assistance* (N = 196‐C, I64‐I) | 51.5 | 67.1 | .05 | .327 |
| Women's dietary diversity: percent reported consumption in previous 24 hr | ||||
| Starchy staples | 100.0 | 100.0 | N/A | .743 |
| Beans, lentils, and nuts | 88.3 | 88.8 | .908 | .363 |
| Dairy | 39.2 | 68.5*** | <.001 | <.001 |
| Meat | 38.3 | 27.6** | .116 | .002 |
| Eggs | 10.8 | 17.2** | .070 | .017 |
| Dark green leafy vegetables | 62.9 | 75.0 | .216 | .391 |
| Vitamin A rich fruits and vegetables | 25.8 | 16.0 | .136 | .211 |
| Other fruits and vegetables | 65.8 | 79.7** | .058 | .023 |
| Child health and nutrition: percent reported | ||||
| Vitamin A received within 6 weeks post delivery* (N = 197‐C, 166‐I) | 65.0 | 83.7** | .003 | .011 |
| Vitamin A received in last distribution* (N = 197‐C, 166‐I) | 62.4 | 71.1** | .124 | .006 |
| Colostrum given* (among mothers; N = 197‐C, 166‐I) | 74.6 | 94.0*** | <.001 | <.001 |
| Exclusive breastfeeding (0–5.9 m*; N = 53‐C, 43‐I) | 50.9 | 76.7** | .017 | .003 |
| Ever breastfed (0–23.9 m*; N = 148‐C, 129‐I) | 98.7 | 99.2 | .640 | N/A |
| Age‐appropriate breastfeeding (0–23.9 m*; N = 148‐C, 129‐I) | 57.4 | 59.7 | .726 | .392 |
| Minimum dietary diversity (at least four food groups) (6–23.9 m*; N = 95‐C, 86‐I) | 51.6 | 77.9 | .004 | .075 |
| Consumption of iron‐rich foods (6–23.9 m*; N = 95‐C, 86‐I) | 28.4 | 26.7 | .828 | .094 |
| Introduced water/clear liquids at 6–8.9 months (N = 95‐C, 86‐I) | 54.7 | 81.4*** | .001 | <.001 |
| Introduced milk/milk products (excluding breast milk) at 6–8.9 months (N = 95‐C, 86‐I) | 44.2 | 79.1*** | <.001 | .001 |
| Introduced semi‐solid foods at 6–8.9 months (N = 95‐C, 86‐I) | 65.3 | 90.7*** | <.001 | <.001 |
| Introduced solid foods at 6–8.9 months (N = 95‐C, 86‐I) | 62.1 | 72.1 | .247 | .296 |
| Introduced eggs at 6–8.9 months (N = 95‐C, 86‐I) | 34.7 | 66.3*** | .001 | <.001 |
| Introduced animal meat/fish at at 6–8.9 months (N = 95‐C, 86‐I) | 30.5 | 57.0** | .006 | .002 |
| Child given more food/liquid during illness* (among mothers reporting child has had diarrhea in last 2 weeks; N = 160‐C, 159‐I) | 28.8 | 41.5*** | .111 | .001 |
| Child's dietary diversity (6–23.9 months of age*; N = 95‐C, 86‐I): percent reported consumption | ||||
| Dietary diversity scores (0–7 food groups) | 3.5 (1.3) | 4.2 (1.3)* | .003 | .049 |
| Grains (cereals and tubers) | 94.7 | 94.2 | .857 | .529 |
| Pulses (legumes and nuts) | 85.3 | 86.1 | .876 | .450 |
| Dairy | 46.3 | 75.6** | .001 | .003 |
| Flesh foods | 24.2 | 22.1 | .774 | .094 |
| Eggs | 6.3 | 24.4** | .001 | .007 |
| Vitamin A rich fruits and vegetables | 56.8 | 79.1 | .018 | .407 |
| Other fruits and vegetables | 35.8 | 43.0 | .419 | .316 |
| WASH: percent reported or observed | ||||
| Handwashing station with water and soap/ash available (observation*; among those with observable handwashing station; N = 239‐C, 232‐I, 471‐A) | 49.6 | 86.6*** | <.001 | <.001 |
| Toilet at household (observation) | 81.7 | 91.4 | .117 | .179 |
| Flush toilet facility (observation*; among those who have a toilet; N = 196‐C, 212‐I, 408‐A) | 68.9 | 88.2 | .040 | .117 |
| Toilet cleanliness (observation*; among those who have a toilet; N = 196‐C, 212‐I, 408‐A) | 19.4 | 68.4*** | <.001 | <.001 |
| Handwashing: all five key times | 59.2 | 57.8 | .902 | .192 |
| Water treatment—boiling, adding bleach/chlorine, filtering, or SODIS | 55.0 | 64.2 | .343 | .285 |
| Drinking water pot covered (observation) | 48.8 | 80.2*** | <.001 | .001 |
| No animal or human feces in house/compound (observation) | 46.7 | 61.6 | .160 | .372 |
Note. ANC = antenatal care; FCHV = female community health volunteer; WASH = water, sanitation, and hygiene; SODIS = solar disinfection system.
All five key times for handwashing assessed include the following: before eating, before feeding a child, before preparing food/cooking, after defecation, and after cleaning a child's bottom of feces; All five key steps for handwashing assessed include the following: running or clean water; soap or ash; rubs hands together at least three times; washes both hands; dries by air or with clean cloth
a
Controlling for VDC‐level clustering
b
Controlling for VDC‐level clusering as well as various potential confounders: women's age and education level; household agroecological zone of residency, total number of children <5 years, asset ownership, and roof materials.
*
P < .05.
**
P < .01.
***
P < .001.