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. 2017 Oct 15;13(Suppl 2):e12463. doi: 10.1111/mcn.12463

Table 1.

Characteristics at individual, household, and community level in Pakistan, 2012–2013

N % or mean (SE)
Child characteristics
Female 2,806 48.8
Currently breastfed 2,806 75.7
Age (months) 2,806
6–11 35.2
12–17 41.3
18–23 23.5
Birth order 2,806
Firstborn 24.6
Second to fourth 49.6
Fifth and more 25.9
Birth interval (month) 2,806
No previous birth 24.6
<24 24.6
≥24 50.8
Perceived birth weight 2,800
Smaller than average 20.5
Average 74.5
Larger than average 5.1
Received vitamin A supplementation in the past 6 months 2,769 71.6
Received iron pills, sprinkles, or syrup in the last 7 days 2,802 8.0
Complete age‐appropriate vaccination 2,778 49.5
Child health: had the following symptom in the past 2 weeks
Diarrhea 2,804 34.3
Fever 2,804 47.9
Cough 2,803 40.4
Maternal characteristics
Age (years) 2,806
15–24 29.4
25–34 56.1
35–49 14.5
Smoker 2,802 3.4
Reproductive health care
Delivered at health facility 2,805 52.6
Type of delivery assistance 2,799
Health professional 56.3
Traditional birth attendant 37.5
Other 6.3
Caesarean delivery 2,801 16.0
Antenatal clinic (ANC) visits 2,802
None 21.7
1–3 41.0
≥4 37.3
Postnatal checkup on woman 2,806
0–1 day 59.8
≥2 day 2.3
Missing or unknown 37.9
Postnatal checkup on child 2,806
0–1 day 41.0
≥2 day 10.4
Missing or unknown 48.7
Highest educational level: primary or higher 2,806 45.3
Occupation 2,806
Not working 75.8
Agricultural 9.1
Nonagricultural 15.1
Working outside home 2,802 12.5
Currently married 2,806 99.2
Exposure to media: at least once a week
Reading newspaper 2,796 2.9
Listening to radio 2,806 2.2
Watching TV 2,805 45.1
Involved in decision making on
how man's income is used 2,765 40.7
large household purchases 2,778 40.7
visiting family and friends 2,781 43.7
regarding own health care 2,779 47.5
Attitude towards domestic violence: beating justified if
goes out without telling him 2,802 33.0
neglects the children 2,800 35.1
argues with him 2,802 36.5
refuses to have sex with him 2,802 33.0
burns the food 2,800 20.2
none above 2,802 51.1
Women's empowerment score (5 items) 2,760 2.2
Ethnicity 2,806
Punjabi 36.4
Pushto 15.3
Siraiki 16.1
Sindhi 9.4
Urdu 7.9
Balochi/Baraunhi 6.3
Other 8.6
Paternal characteristics
Age (years) 2,775
15–24 9.0
25–34 49.1
≥35 41.9
Highest educational level: primary or higher 2,802 67.6
Occupation 2,805
Not working 1.7
Agricultural 15.4
Nonagricultural 82.9
Household characteristics
Female household head 2,806 8.2
No. of HH members 2,806 9.0
No. of children younger than 5 years 2,806 2.3
Types of cooking fuel 2,419
Electricity, LPG, natural gas, biogas 35.7
Wood, straw/shrubs/grass, animal dung, and other 64.3
Water source
Unimproved source of drinking water 2,795 10.0
Source for water not in own dwelling or yard/plot 2,064 34.0
Time to get to water source (minutes) 2,786
0 76.3
1–59 20.9
≥60 2.8
Toilet condition
Unimproved toilet facility 2,806 30.7
Shared toilet with other households 2,648 37.7
Household wealth 2,806
Poorest 21.2
Poorer 22.4
Middle 20.0
Richer 20.7
Richest 15.6
Community characteristics N of PSUs % or mean (SE)
Rural residence 489 65.8
Geographical region 489
Punjab 59.5
Sindh 22.4
Khyber pakhtunkhwa 13.0
Balochistan 3.8
Gilgit 0.7
Islamabad 0.6
% women completed primary or higher education 489 44.3 (1.4)
Mean women's empowerment 489 2.6 (0.04)
Access to health care
% children completed age‐appropriate vaccine 489 48.5 (1.3)
% delivered at health facility 489 55.3 (1.6)
% delivered with professional assistance 489 59.1 (1.6)
% had caesarean delivery 489 17.8 (0.9)
% had ≥4 ANC visits 489 40.6 (1.4)
% postnatal checkup on woman within 1 day of delivery 489 59.3 (1.5)
% postnatal checkup on child within 1 day of delivery 489 42.7 (1.7)
% children 0–5 years received vitamin A in the last 6 months 489 65.9 (1.3)
% children 0–5 years received iron pills, sprinkles, or syrup in the last 7 days 489 8.2 (0.6)
% women given or bought iron tablets during pregnancy 489 46.9 (1.1)
Average rank of access to health care 489 227.2 (4.7)
Sanitation condition
% unimproved toilet 489 27.7 (1.8)
% sharing toilet with other households 489 32.0 (1.7)