Table 4.
Variables associated with overweight or obese at 12 months of age (n = 453)
| Variable | Normal BMIZb – n (%; n = 412) | Overweight/obese – n (%; n = 41) | Unadjusted odds ratio [95% CI] | p‐value | Adjustedd odds ratio [95% CI] | p‐value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Recruitment site | ||||||
| Mbekweni | 171 (86) | 29 (15) | Reference | Reference | ||
| TC Newman | 241 (95) | 12 (5) | 0.3 [0.1, 0.6] | .001 | 0.2 [0.1, 0.5] | <.001 |
| SES quartile | ||||||
| Highest SES | 75 (89) | 9 (11) | Reference | Reference | ||
| Moderate‐high SES | 105 (85) | 18 (15) | 1.4 [0.6, 3.4] | .413 | 1.3 [0.5, 3.2] | .581 |
| Low‐moderate SES | 116 (93) | 9 (7) | 0.6 [0.2, 1.7] | .337 | 0.4 [0.2, 1.2] | .117 |
| Lowest SES | 116 (96) | 5 (4) | 0.4 [0.1, 1.1] | .076 | 0.2 [0.1, 0.7] | .010 |
| Months of EBF (n = 386)a | 1.1 [0.9, 1.3] | 0.452 | ||||
| Fruit juice consumed at 9 months (n = 398) | ||||||
| Consumed less than daily | 243 (91) | 23 (9) | Reference | |||
| Consumed daily | 121 (92) | 11 (8) | 1.0 [0.5, 2.0] | .916 | ||
| Poor quality foods consumed at 12 months | ||||||
| Consumed less than daily | 34 (89) | 4 (11) | Reference | |||
| Consumed daily | 377 (91) | 36 (9) | 0.8 [0.3, 2.4] | .708 | ||
| WFAZc at birth | 1.3 [1.0, 1.8] | .027 | 1.3 [1.0, 1.7] | .075 | ||
BMIZ = body mass index for age z‐score; CI = confidence interval; EBF = exclusive breastfeeding; SES = socioeconomic status; WFAZ; weight‐for‐age z‐score.
a
Restricted to mothers who initiated breastfeeding and who reported cessation of EBF during the study period.
b
Body‐mass‐index‐for‐age z‐score.
c
Weight‐for‐age z‐score.
d
Adjusted for recruitment site, SES, and WFAZ at birth.