Figure 2.

Bar graphs showing the mean concentration of N‐acetyl aspartate (NAA), glutamine (Gln), and the glutamine/creatine ratio (Gln/Cr) in the concussed and non‐concussed groups. Standard error of the mean (SEM) is represented by vertical bars. NAA levels did not change in the concussed (a) or non‐concussed group (b). Gln levels (c) decreased in the concussed group (F = 3.52, p = .02) by 52% at 24–72 hr (p = .04) and by 56% at three months (p = .03). Gln levels in the non‐concussed group (d) decreased by 21% (p = .01). Gln/Cr (e) decreased in the concussed group (F = 3.452, p = .03) by 58% at three months (p = .03), and in the non‐concussed group (f) by 25% (p = .005)