Table 1.
Clinical‐demographic characteristics of the sample
| Characteristic | ND | ADHD | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | Mean | SD | N | Mean | SD | |
| ADHD subtype | ||||||
| Combined | 67 | |||||
| Inattentive | 53 | |||||
| Age (range 7–17) | 120 | 12.03 | 2.2 | 120 | 12.06 | 2.2 |
| Medication status | ||||||
| Medicated | NA | 31 | ||||
| Medication‐naïve | NA | 58 | ||||
| Co‐morbidity | ||||||
| LD | 0 | 7 | ||||
| LD, ODD | 0 | 7 | ||||
| LD, SP | 0 | 1 | ||||
| ODD | 0 | 18 | ||||
| SP | 2 | 2 | ||||
| IQ | ||||||
| Full Scale | 120 | 114.31 | 13.5 | 120 | 106.8** | 13.7 |
| Verbal | 97 | 115.1 | 14.2 | 120 | 110.5a | 15.4 |
| Performance | 97 | 110.46 | 13.6 | 120 | 101.33** | 14.4 |
| ADHD score | ||||||
| ADHD‐RS | ||||||
| Total | 42 | 29.29 | 5.7 | 55 | 50.8** | 8.2 |
| H/I | 42 | 13.46 | 3.6 | 55 | 22.4** | 5.9 |
| Inat | 42 | 15.82 | 3.8 | 55 | 28.36** | 3.6 |
| ADHD‐CPRS‐LV | ||||||
| Total | 39 | 46.46 | 7.9 | 60 | 70** | 6.7 |
| H/I | 39 | 46.87 | 5.2 | 60 | 68.67** | 10.9 |
| Inat | 39 | 46.64 | 7.8 | 60 | 69.48** | 7.7 |
Abbreviations: N = number of subjects; SD = standard deviation; ND = neurotypically developing children; ADHD = children with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder; ODD = oppositional defiant disorder; LD = learning disorder; SP = specific phobia; IQ = estimated intelligence quotient; ADHD‐RS = ADHD rating scales–IV (Pappas, 2006); H/I = Hyperactive/Impulsive symptoms subscale; Inat = Inattention Symptoms subscale; ADHD‐CPRS‐LV = Conners’ parent Rating Scale‐Revised = Long version (Conners, Sitarenios, Parker, & Epstein 1998). For 15 subjects, the IQ was assessed by means of the two subtest (vocabulary and matrix reasoning) form of the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence.
Significant between‐group differences based on 2‐sample t tests (p < .05). **Significant between‐group differences based on 2‐sample t tests (p < .001).