Table 1.
Studies included in the meta‐analysis
| Study | n | Task | Behavior | Trial period | Analysis | Number of peak foci |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pochon et al. (2002) | 6 | Working memory | Trial | Overlap of main effects of cognitive load and reward | 10 | |
| Gilbert and Fiez (2004) | 22 | Working memory | Acc ↑ | Delay | Main effect of reward | 1 |
| Taylor et al. (2004) | 10 | Working memory | RT ↓ | Target | Main effect of reward | 5 |
| Delay | Main effect of reward | 6 | ||||
| Target | Main effect of reward | 3 | ||||
| Cognitive load x reward | 1 | |||||
| All (collapsed) | Main effect of reward | 9 | ||||
| Locke and Braver (2008) | 16 | AX‐CPT | Acc ↑, RT ↓ | Block | Main effect of reward | 20 |
| Rowe et al. (2008) | 20 | AX‐CPT | Acc ↑, RT ↓ | Block | Parametric effect of reward × trial type | 14 |
| Engelmann et al. (2009) | 20 | Attentional cueing | Acc ↑ | Cue | Main effect of reward | 20 |
| Target | Main effect of reward | 10 | ||||
| Cue validity × reward | 6 | |||||
| Block | Main effect of reward | 5 | ||||
| Kouneiher et al. (2009) | 16 | Rule‐use | Acc ↑, RT ↑ | Cue/target | Trial type × reward value | 3 |
| Block | Main effect of reward | 3 | ||||
| Jimura et al. (2010) | 31 | Sternberg | RT ↓ | Block | Main effect of reward | 2 |
| Padmala and Pessoa (2011) | 50 | Stroop | Acc ↑, RT ↓ | Target | Main effect of reward | 6 |
| Interference × reward interaction | 10 | |||||
| Dixon and Christoff (2012) | 15 | Rule use | RT ↓ | Cue | Rule × reward interaction | 9 |
| Krebs et al. (2012) | 14 | Attentional cueing | Acc ↑, RT ↓ | Cue | Main effect of reward | 13 |
| Overlap of main effects of difficulty and reward | 10 | |||||
| Difficulty × reward interaction | 7 | |||||
| Ivanov et al. (2012) | 16 | Flanker | RT ↓ | Target | Conflict × reward interaction | 6 |
| Boehler et al. (2014) | 16 | Stop signal | RT ↓ | Target | Overlap of main effects of stopping and reward | 3 |
| Paschke et al. (2015) | 115 | Flanker | RT ↓ | Target | Congruency × reward interaction | 1 |
| Block | Overlap of main effects of task and reward | 1 | ||||
| Target | Overlap of main effects of task and reward | 4 | ||||
| Soutschek et al. (2015) | 20 | Stroop | RT ↓ | Target | Main effect of reward | 3 |
| Target | Congruency × expectancy × reward interaction | 6 | ||||
| Etzel et al. (2015) | 20 | Rule‐use | Acc ↑, RT ↓ | Cue | Main effect of reward | 7 |
| Total = 16 | 407 | 204 |
Note. When specifying the trial period, “trial” indicates reward effect across entire trial period, while “block” indicates reward effect across multiple trials. The column behavior specifies the change in accuracy and/or reaction time (RT) on rewarded versus nonrewarded trials.