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A bivariate latent difference score model including couplings in both directions. Y[t] and X[t] = observed scores at time t. y[t] and x[t] = latent true scores at time t. Δy[t] and Δx[t] = latent change scores at t. yi and xi = initial scores. ys and xs = slopes. Triangle = constant. α = slope parameter (= 1). β = autoproportional parameter. γ = coupling parameter.
