Table 1.
Main demographic, clinical, and MRI characteristics of healthy controls (HC) and multiple sclerosis (MS) patients at baseline (T0) and follow‐up (FU)
| HC | MS | P value (MS vs HC) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Male/female | 5/11 | 18/48 | 0.75b |
| Mean age at T0 (range) [years] | 40.1 (25–54) | 42.2 (19–60) | 0.49a |
| Median education at T0 (range) [years] | 13 (5–18) | 12 (4–18) | 0.68a |
| Median DD at T0 (range) [years] | ‐ | 10.8 (0.1–40) | ‐ |
| Median FU duration (range) [years] | 5.3 (4.5–5.7) | 4.7 (4.3–5.6) | 0.23a |
| Median EDSS score (range) | ‐ | ||
| T0 | ‐ | 3.0 (0.0–7.5) | |
| FU | ‐ | 4.0 (1.0–8.5) | |
| P | ‐ | 0.0005c | ‐ |
| Clinical phenotype | |||
| T0 | ‐ | 13 CIS/12 RR/9 SP/18 B/14 PP | ‐ |
| FU | ‐ | 6 CIS/17 RR/17 SP/12 B/14 PP | ‐ |
| Treatment | ‐ | ‐ | |
| (1) none | 49 (74.2%) | ||
| (2) First line DMD | 13 (19.7%) | ||
| (3) Second line and immunosuppressants | 4 (6.1%) | ||
| Patients with treatment change (%) | ‐ |
4 (6%) (1 [1.5%] 1st line DMD; 3 [4.5%]) 2nd line treatments) |
‐ |
| Mean brain T2 LV (SD) [ml] | ‐ | ||
| T0 | ‐ | 20.5 (23.4) | |
| FU | ‐ | 22.9 (24.6) | |
| P | ‐ | 0.01c | ‐ |
| Median # of new brain T2 lesions (range) | ‐ | 4 (0–103) | ‐ |
| Mean brain T1 LV (SD) [ml] | ‐ | ||
| T0 | ‐ | 8.9 (12.4) | |
| FU | ‐ | 11.7(14.9) | |
| P | ‐ | <0.0001c | ‐ |
| Median # of new brain T1 lesions (range) | ‐ | 2 (0–81) | ‐ |
| Mean NBV at T0 (SD) [ml] | 1635 (59) | 1518 (109) | 0.01a |
| Mean PBVC (SD) [%] | −1.9% (1.5) | −4.5% (4.2) | 0.02a |
| Mean GMV at T0 (SD) [ml] | 754 (88) | 668 (103) | 0.02a |
| Mean GMV change at FU (SD) [%] | −2.0% (0.8) | −6.3% (6.2) | 0.04a |
| Mean WMV at T0 (SD) [ml] | 846 (95) | 850 (98) | 0.80a |
| Mean WMV change at FU (SD) [%] | +0.5% (2.7) | +1.0% (9.1) | 0.87a |
Mann–Whitney test.
Pearson chi‐square test.
Wilcoxon signed rank test.
HC = healthy controls; MS = multiple sclerosis; T0 = baseline; FU = follow‐up; DD = disease duration; EDSS = Expanded Disability Status Scale; DMD = disease modifying drug; LV = lesion volume; SD = standard deviation; ml = milliliter; NBV = normalized brain volume; PBVC = percent brain volume change; GMV = gray matter volume; WMV = white matter volume; CIS = clinically isolated syndrome; RR = relapsing‐remitting; SP = secondary progressive; B = benign; PP = primary progressive. See text for further details.