Table 1.
Summary of the emission properties, half-lives and common applications of all radionuclides discussed in this review.
| Radionuclide | Decay mode | Half-life | Imaging type | Common applications |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Zr-89 | β+ (23%, 0.9 MeV) | 78.4 h | PET | Antibody, cell and nanomedicine labelling |
| Cu-64 | β+ (39%, 0.19 MeV) | 12.7 h | PET | Antibody, nanomedicine and peptide labelling, hypoxia radiotracers |
| Mn-52 | β+ (29.4%, 0.24 MeV) | 5.6 d | PET | Antibody and cell labelling |
| Ga-68 | β+ (89%, 1.899 MeV) | 68 min | PET | Peptide and small molecule labelling |
| Ga-67 | EC | 3.3 d | SPECT | Radionuclide therapy |
| Tc-99m | IT | 6 h | SPECT | Peptide, small molecule and cell labelling, perfusion imaging |
| In-111 | EC | 2.8 d | SPECT | Antibody and cell labelling |
| Re-186 | β- (92%) | 3.7 d | SPECT | Radionuclide therapy |
| Re-188 | β- (100%) | 17 h | SPECT | Radionuclide therapy |
| I-123 | EC | 13.2 h | SPECT | Antibody labelling, thyroid imaging |
| I-124 | β+ (25.6%) | 4.2 d | PET | Antibody labelling, thyroid imaging |
| I-125 | EC | 59.4 d | SPECT | Antibody labelling, thyroid imaging |
| I-131 | β- (100%) | 8 d | - | Radionuclide therapy |
| F-18 | β+ (96%, 0.25 MeV) | 109 min | PET | Small molecule and peptide labelling, bone imaging |
| Bi-213 | β- (97%) | 45.6 min | - | Radionuclide therapy |
| Ac-225 | α | 9.9 d | - | Radionuclide therapy |
| Y-90 | β- (100%) | 64 h | - | Radionuclide therapy |
| Lu-177 | β- (100%) | 6.6 d | - | Radionuclide therapy |
| Gd-159 | β- | 18.5 h | - | Therapy |
EC = electron capture; IT = isomeric transition.