Volumes‐of‐interest (VOIs) selected for the DCM analysis. Orange spots denote brain regions with common activation during both addition and subtraction processes; purple spots denote brain regions with activation during subtraction only; the blue spot denotes where the number processing experimental input entered the brain. Abbreviation: IFG, inferior frontal gyrus; mDLPFC, middle portion of dorsolateral frontal cortex; pDLPFC, posterior portion of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; INS, insula; IPS, intraparietal sulcus; FFG, fusiform gyrus; CAU, caudate; SMA, supplementary motor area; FEF, frontal eye field. [Color figure can be viewed at http://wileyonlinelibrary.com]