Table 1.
Demographics and clinical assessmentsa
| HC (n = 21) | SZ (n = 19)b | t/χ2 | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 23.48 ± 4.46 | 22.95 ± 4.39 | 0.377 | 0.708 |
| Gender (male/female) | 16/5 | 14/5 | 0.033 | 0.855 |
| Parental SESc | 3.38 ± 3.28 | 4.61 ± 4.47 | 5.871 | 0.555 |
| Educationd | 3.10 ± 0.54 | 2.83 ± 0.62 | 2.351 | 0.309 |
| Smoking (packs per day) | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.08 ± 0.16 | −2.109 | 0.050 |
| Duration of Illness (months) | ‐ | 18.94 ± 27.40 | ‐ | ‐ |
| BPRSe (n = 17) | ||||
| Total score | ‐ | 30.41 ± 8.41 | ||
| Positive symptom subscale | ‐ | 4.76 ± 2.73 | ||
| Negative symptom subscale | ‐ | 5.65 ± 2.32 | ||
| SANSf (n = 15) | ||||
| Total composite scoreg | ‐ | 21.50 ± 19.13 | ||
| Global summary score | ‐ | 6.53 ± 5.29 | ||
| SAPSh (n = 15) | ||||
| Total composite score | ‐ | 7.93 ± 12.33 | ||
| Global summary score | ‐ | 2.73 ± 3.63 | ||
| RBANS i | ||||
| Total index | 94.78 ± 8.63 | 75.00 ± 16.16 | 4.26 | <0.001 |
| Immediate memory | 99.61 ± 13.10 | 80.27 ± 15.55 | 3.88 | <0.001 |
| Visuospatial | 89.17 ± 14.01 | 81.60 ± 17.63 | 1.37 | 0.1792 |
| Language | 105.22 ± 10.85 | 82.80 ± 11.45 | 5.77 | <0.001 |
| Attention | 96.67 ± 14.46 | 74.53 ± 21.26 | 3.55 | 0.0013 |
| Delayed memory | 92.06 ± 8.90 | 82.27 ± 18.46 | 1.88 | 0.0753 |
Note. Abbreviations: HC = healthy control; SZ = schizophrenia; SES = socioeconomic status; Y = yes; N = no; BPRS = Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale; SANS = Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms; SAPS = Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms; RBANS = Repeated Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status.
Mean ± SD unless otherwise indicated.
SZ values for SES, education, smoking (packs per day), and duration of illness (months) calculated with n = 18 due to data missing for one patient.
SES ranks reported from Diagnostic Interview for Genetic Studies scale (1–18); high rank (lower numerical value) corresponds to high socioeconomic status.
Years of education reported from Diagnostic Interview for Genetic Studies scale.
BPRS reported on 1–7 scale; positive (conceptual disorganization, hallucinatory behavior, and unusual thought content); negative (emotional withdrawal, motor retardation, and blunted affect).
SANS includes five subscales: affective flattening or blunting, alogia, avolition‐apathy, anhedonia‐asociality, and attention.
SANS average total composite score calculated with data from 14 SZ due to missing data from one SZ.
SAPS includes four subscales: hallucinations, delusions, bizarre behavior, and positive formal thought disorder.
RBANS data missing from 3 HC (n = 18) and 4 SZ (n = 15).