Table 3.
Neuropsychological test scores (t scores or standard scores) of mTBI participants
| Cognitive domain and measure | Mean ± SD | Significant correlation with regional FA (adjusted P < 0.05)a |
|---|---|---|
| Intelligence | ||
| WAIS‐IV | ||
| Full‐scale IQ | 53.57 ± 7.50 | R UNC |
| Information | 54.79 ± 8.49 | R UNC |
| Symbol Search | 49.99 ± 8.91 | L CABb |
| Global Ability Index | 55.23 ± 7.97 | |
| Perceptual Reasoning Index | 55.48 ± 7.76 | |
| Language | ||
| WAIS‐IV Vocabulary Comprehensive Index | 53.44 ± 7.95 | |
| D‐KEFS Word Reading | 49.98 ± 9.11 | |
| Learning and memory | ||
| CVLT (standard score) | ||
| Short delay cued recall | 0.42 ± 0.83 | |
| Long delay cued recall | 0.35 ± 0.91 | |
| Short delay free recall | 0.47 ± 1.05 | |
| Long delay free recall | 0.29 ± 1.10 | |
| Working memory | ||
| WAIS‐IV Working memory Index | 51.42 ± 8.66 | |
| Attention | ||
| WAIS‐IV Digit Span | 51.25 ± 9.05 | |
| Stroop Color and Word Test | ||
| D‐KEFS Inhibition Switching | 50.12 ± 8.56 | R UNC |
| Executive function/Abstract reasoning | ||
| WCST | ||
| Perseverative Responses | 58.12 ± 11.44 | |
| Overall Achievement | ||
| D‐KEFS Total Achievement | 57.79 ± 8.04 | R SLFt |
| Set shifting | ||
| Trail_making B | 50.34 ± 9.90 | |
| D‐KEFS Category Switch Response | 52.42 ± 11.22 | R CAB |
| D‐KEFS Category Switch Accuracy | 55.13 ± 9.29 | R CAB |
| Verbal Fluency | ||
| D‐KEFS Category Fluency | 59.24 ± 9.16 | L CCG |
| D‐KEFS Letter Fluency | 51.96 ± 11.21 | |
| Inhibitory Control | ||
| CCPT Commission | 52.52 ± 10.71 | |
| D‐KEFS Inhibition | 51.52 ± 8.38 | L CST, R SLFt |
| Self‐monitoring, Planning, Speed of Processing | ||
| D‐KEFS Time‐per‐move ratio | 48.44 ± 5.79 | L CST, L |
| D‐KEFS First‐move Time of the Tower Test | 45.84 ± 9.62 | UNCb |
| D‐KEFS total Rule Violation Ratio | 51.28 ± 1.63 | L CST, L UNC R ATR |
| Visual‐spatial function | ||
| ROCF Recognition Correct Total | 41.11 ± 13.58 | |
| WAIS‐IV Block Design | 54.27 ± 8.01 | |
| BVMT‐R Delayed Recall | 53.98 ± 12.75 | |
| BVMT‐R Learning | 61.70 ± 9.64 | |
| BVMT‐R Total Recall | 49.60 ± 10.84 | |
| Psychomotor speed | ||
| Trail Making A | 50.95 ± 10.28 | |
| Grooved Pegboard Test | ||
| Dominant hand | 49.47 ± 9.90 | R SLFp, R |
| Nondominant hand | 50.05 ± 10.82 | SLFt |
Abbreviations of Neuropsychological tests: BVMT‐R, Brief Visuospatial Memory Test – Revised; CCPT, Conners Continuous Performance Test; CVLT, California Verbal Learning Test; D‐KEFS, Dells‐Kaplan Executive Function System; ROCF, Rey‐Osterrieth Complex Figure; WAIS‐IV, Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, 4th Ed; WCST, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test.
Abbreviations of white matter tracts: ATR, anterior thalamic radiation; CST, corticospinal tract; SLFp, superior longitudinal fasciculus–parietal bundle; SLFt, superior longitudinal fasciculus–temporal bundle; UNC, uncinate fasciculus.
Significant partial Pearson correlation between FA of major fiber tracts and neuropsychological scores after controlling age covariate (corrected P ≤ 0.05).
Negative correlation.