Table B1.
Overview of studies on the Tower of London task investigating planning ability in frontally lesioned patients
| Study | Sample | Task | Respected Effects | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | Sex (m/f) | Age M±SD (years) | Tower Type | Minimum Moves | Accuracy | Number of Executed Moves | Initial Thinking Time | Movement Execution Time | ||||||||
| Pat/NC | le/ri/bi | Pat | NC | Pat | NC | Pat vs. NC | le vs. ri | Pat vs. NC | le vs. ri | Pat vs. NC | le vs. ri | Pat vs. NC | le vs. ri | |||
| Anderson et al. [2002] | 20/80 | 15/5 | 43/37 | 11.4± 2.9 | 9.4 ± 2.8 | ToL | 2–5 | 0.11 | ||||||||
| Andrés and Van der Linden [2001] | 13/13 | 6/4/3 | 13/0 | 13/0 | 33.2 ± 13.8 | 32.8 ± 13.2 | ToL | 3 | −0.35 | 0.41 | 0.69 | |||||
| 5 neutral | −0.06 | 0.71 | 1.31** | |||||||||||||
| 5 facilitating | −0.16 | 0.56 | 0.33 | |||||||||||||
| 5 misleading | −0.42 | 0.18 | 0.49 | |||||||||||||
| Andrews et al. [2014] | 14/40 | 7/4/3 | 7/7 | 24/16 | 64.29 ± 8.82 | 68.28 ± 12.16 | ToL 4‐D | 2–9 | −1.02 ** | n.s. | ||||||
| Carlin et al. [2000] | 14/15 | 7/5/2 | 10/4 | 11/4 | 59.9 ± 12.6 | 57.5 ± 16.6 | ToL | 2–5 | −0.23 | 0.69 * | 0.19 | −0.06 | −0.14 | 0.87 ** | 0.14 | |
| 2–3 | −0.39 | −0.21 | −0.26 | |||||||||||||
| 4–5 | 0.71 | −0.22 | 0.94† | |||||||||||||
| Jacobs and Anderson [2002] | 31/38 | 12/9/10 | 19/12 | 19/19 | 11.3 ± 2.8 | 10.8 ± 2.7 | ToL | 2–5 | −0.18 | 0.14 | ||||||
| Owen et al. [1990]#1 | 26/26 | 8/15/3 | 14/12 | 14/12 | 43.0 ± 18.8 | 44.6 ± 17.7 | ToL (SoC) | 2–5 | −0.63 * | n.s. | .59 * | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 0.60 * | n.s. |
| Pantelis et al. [1997]#1 | 26/31 | 8/15/3 | 15/11 | 18/13 | 41.73 ± 19.1 | 47.48 ± 11.6 | ToL (SoC) | 2 | 0.24 | −0.24 | 0.27 | 0.59† | ||||
| 3 | −0.18 | 0.19 | 0.58† | 0.55† | ||||||||||||
| 4 | −0.17 | 0.12 | 0.54† | 0.59† | ||||||||||||
| 5 | −0.34 | 0.29 | 0.27 | 0.64† | ||||||||||||
| Owen et al. [1995] | 17/10 | 5/10/2 | 9/8 | 7/10 | 46.5 ± 18.1 | 44.1 ± 13.3 | ToL (SoC) | 1–5 | −1.28 *** | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | ||||
| Shallice [1982] | 61/20 | ToL | 2–5 | le < ri | le > ri | |||||||||||
| Shum et al. [2009] | 15/15 | ToL 4‐D | 2–9 | −0.82 * | 0.04 | |||||||||||
| 2–5 | −0.39 | 0.45 | ||||||||||||||
| 6–9 | −0.80 * | −0.05 | ||||||||||||||
Note. If descriptive statistics were available, the here reported effect sizes were computed as Hedges' g [Hedges and Olkin, 1985] allowing comparisons across studies. Otherwise effects were reported verbatim (e.g., le > ri, n.s.). Significant results are highlighted in bold font (*, P < 0.05; ** P < 0.01. ***; P < 0.001; n.s., not significant). Stars (*) indicate P‐values reported by the authors whereas crosses (†) indicate posterior tests of significance (Students t‐test for independent groups and unequal sample sizes) by the authors of the present study based on the available data. Superscripts starting with hashtags followed by numbers indicate partly or fully overlapping samples between the studies. Abbreviations: N, sample size; m, male; f, female; Pat, patients; NC, normal controls; le, left frontal lesion; ri, right frontal lesion; bi, bilateral frontal lesion; ToL, Tower of London; SoC, Stockings of Cambridge; 4‐D, four‐disc version.