. 2019 Oct 9;127(10):107003. doi: 10.1289/EHP4092

Table 2.

Percentage difference in serum PFASs (95% CI) in association with self-reported consumption of food from fast food or pizza restaurants, other restaurants, or other food outlets, and of microwave popcorn, fish, and shellfish among NHANES participants $\geq 12 y$ of age.

Recall period/food consumed	PFOA	PFNA	PFDA	PFHxS	PFOS	$Σ PFAS$
24-h recall^a
Fast food or pizza restaurant	0.35 (0.087, 0.62) $p = 0.018$	0.25 ( $- 0.014$ , 0.52) $p = 0.099$	0.087 ( $- 0.21$ , 0.38) $p = 0.65$	$- 0.12$ ( $- 0.52$ , 0.28) $p = 0.65$	0.078 ( $- 0.20$ , 0.35) $p = 0.65$	0.066 ( $- 0.17$ , 0.30) $p = 0.65$
Other restaurant	0.29 ( $- 0.081$ , 0.65) $p = 0.17$	0.25 ( $- 0.16$ , 0.66) $p = 0.3$	0.19 ( $- 0.24$ , 0.61) $p = 0.48$	0.17 ( $- 0.33$ , 0.66) $p = 0.6$	0.15 ( $- 0.23$ , 0.53) $p = 0.52$	0.11 ( $- 0.25$ , 0.47) $p = 0.64$
Other food outlet, eaten at home	$- 0.33$ ( $- 0.52$ , $- 0.14$ ) $p = 0.002$	$- 0.32$ ( $- 0.53$ , $- 0.11$ ) $p = 0.0062$	$- 0.36$ ( $- 0.57$ , $- 0.14$ ) $p = 0.0043$	$- 0.50$ ( $- 0.81$ , $- 0.18$ ) $p = 0.0053$	$- 0.46$ ( $- 0.67$ , $- 0.26$ ) $p = 6.7 \times 10^{- 5}$	$- 0.48$ ( $- 0.67$ , $- 0.28$ ) $p = 2 \times 10^{- 5}$
Other food outlet, not eaten at home	$- 0.025$ ( $- 0.30$ , 0.25) $p = 0.88$	$- 0.033$ ( $- 0.30$ , 0.23) $p = 0.84$	$- 0.0011$ ( $- 0.31$ , 0.31) $p = 0.99$	$- 0.29$ ( $- 0.63$ , 0.040) $p = 0.13$	$- 0.27$ ( $- 0.59$ , 0.051) $p = 0.15$	$- 0.26$ (-0.54, 0.012) $p = 0.096$
Microwave popcorn	4.7 (2.2, 7.2) $p = 0.00079$	3.0 (0.53, 5.5) $p = 0.031$	3.4 (0.25, 6.6) $p = 0.058$	2.2 ( $- 1.3$ , 5.6) $p = 0.29$	5.0 (1.5, 8.6) $p = 0.011$	4.8 (1.8, 7.9) $p = 0.005$
Fish	$- 0.066$ ( $- 1.4$ , 1.3) $p = 0.94$	1.3 ( $- 0.28$ , 2.8) $p = 0.16$	2.2 (0.65, 3.7) $p = 0.011$	$- 0.062$ ( $- 2.3$ , 2.2) $p = 0.97$	0.44 ( $- 1.0$ , 1.9) $p = 0.65$	0.31 ( $- 1.1$ , 1.7) $p = 0.72$
Shellfish	0.70 ( $- 2.0$ , 3.4) $p = 0.68$	5.2 (2.1, 8.3) $p = 0.0027$	5.8 (2.9, 8.7) $p = 0.00044$	0.71 ( $- 3.8$ , 5.2) $p = 0.8$	2.7 ( $- 0.66$ , 6.1) $p = 0.16$	2.4 ( $- 0.63$ , 5.4) $p = 0.17$
7-d and 30-d recall
Fast food or pizza restaurant^b	0.91 (0.047, 1.8) $p = 0.058$	0.63 ( $- 0.27$ , 1.5) $p = 0.21$	0.69 ( $- 0.35$ , 1.7) $p = 0.23$	0.042 ( $- 1.0$ , 1.1) $p = 0.94$	0.56 ( $- 0.28$ , 1.4) $p = 0.23$	0.49 ( $- 0.30$ , 1.3) $p = 0.27$
Other restaurant or food outlet^b	0.67 (0.071, 1.3) $p = 0.046$	0.35 ( $- 0.27$ , 0.97) $p = 0.31$	0.94 (0.27, 1.6) $p = 0.012$	1.1 ( $- 0.019$ , 2.3) $p = 0.077$	0.59 ( $- 0.16$ , 1.3) $p = 0.16$	0.51 ( $- 0.15$ , 1.2) $p = 0.17$
Fish^c	$- 0.30$ ( $- 0.88$ , 0.29) $p = 0.36$	0.21 ( $- 0.54$ , 0.97) $p = 0.63$	1.0 (0.37, 1.7) $p = 0.0056$	$- 0.40$ ( $- 1.3$ , 0.54) $p = 0.45$	$- 0.14$ ( $- 1.0$ , 0.76) $p = 0.78$	$- 0.16$ ( $- 0.90$ , 0.60) $p = 0.73$
Shellfish^c	1.1 (0.071, 2.2) $p = 0.057$	2.9 (1.6, 4.1) $p = 0.00011$	3.3 (2.0, 4.6) $p = 1.3 \times 10^{- 5}$	0.66 ( $- 0.19$ , 1.5) $p = 0.16$	2.0 (0.81, 3.3) $p = 0.0032$	1.7 (0.69, 2.8) $p = 0.0032$
12-month FFQ^d
Popcorn	43 (21, 71) $p = 0.0014$	39 (13, 73) $p = 0.011$	63 (34, 99) $p = 0.00036$	36 ( $- 0.11$ , 84) $p = 0.089$	44 (19, 75) $p = 0.0033$	45 (26, 67) $p = 0.00013$
Seafood	15 ( $- 1.5$ , 34) $p = 0.12$	37 (12, 67) $p = 0.0098$	48 (24, 76) $p = 0.00084$	16 ( $- 2.7$ , 39) $p = 0.14$	19 (4.5, 36) $p = 0.026$	19 (5.1, 36) $p = 0.02$

Note: All estimates are from linear regression models that account for NHANES survey and sample weights and are adjusted for age, gender, race/ethnicity (non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, Hispanic), NHANES cycle year, BMI (continuous), and PIR and are mutually adjusted for dietary intake variables. Models are limited to participants with complete data for PFAS, dietary variables, and model covariates. BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; FFQ, food frequency questionnaire; NHANES, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; PFAS, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances; PFDA, perfluorodecanoic acid; PFHxS, perfluorohexanesulfonic acid; PFNA, perfluorononanoic acid; PFOA, perfluorooctanoic acid; PFOS, perfluorooctanesulfonic acid; PIR, poverty–income ratio; $Σ PFAS$ , total concentration of PFASs.

Percentage difference in serum PFAS (95% CI) with each 100 kcal/d of food consumed at fast food or pizza restaurants, other types of restaurants, or other food outlets (e.g., grocery stores, convenience stores, cafeterias), excluding servings of microwave popcorn or seafood, or for each $100 kcal / d$ of microwave popcorn, fish, or shellfish (from any source), based on a 24-h dietary recall for the day before the NHANES study visit, NHANES 2003–2014, total $n = 10,106$ .

Percentage difference in serum PFAS (95% CI) associated with one meal/week from a fast food or pizza restaurant, or one meal/week of food from other types of restaurants or food outlets, based on a 7-d dietary recall for the week before the NHANES study visit, NHANES 2007–2014, total $n = 5,261$ . Estimates are also adjusted for the 30-d dietary variables.

Percentage difference in serum PFAS (95% CI) associated with one serving of fish or shellfish per 30 d (from any source) based on a 30-d dietary recall for the month before the NHANES study visit, NHANES 2007–2014, total $n = 5,261$ . Estimates are also adjusted for the 7-d dietary variables.

Percentage difference in serum PFAS (95% CI) associated with a 1-unit increase in the average daily frequency of popcorn (of any type) or seafood consumption (from any source) during the previous year based on a FFQ, where a value of 1 indicates one serving/day, 2 indicates two servings/day, 0.14 indicates one serving/week, etc. (see Table S5 for a complete table of values), NHANES 2003–2006, total $n = 2,788$ .