Table II.
Performance (mean (SD) at the neuropsychological tests of the four patient subgroups
| N = 119 | Group 1 | Group 2 | Group 3 | Group 4 | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Attention and working memory | |||||
| WAIS‐R forward digit (/14) | 8.65 (1.62) | 7.74 (1.79) | 6.63 (2.35) | 6.50 (2.62) | <0.001 |
| WAIS‐R backward digit (/14) | 6.48 (1.52) | 6.26 (1.53) | 4.72 (1.64) | 3.50 (1.58) | <0.001 |
| SDMT: number in 90sec | 56.10 (7.11) | 43.61 (3.39) | 33.26 (6.72) | 15.50 (10.43) | <0.001 |
| Executive functions | |||||
| Trail Making Test (time B/time A) | 2.16 (0.58) | 2.46 (0.56) | 2.77 (0.75) | 2.53 (1.33) | 0.010 |
| Stroop: interference index | 1.57 (0.41) | 1.70 (0.25) | 2.09 (0.62) | 2.61 (1.22) | <0.001 |
| Stroop: errors | 0.58 (1.99) | 1.03 (1.25) | 4.12 (4.37) | 18.93 (14.07) | <0.001 |
| Phonemic fluency (60 sec) | 15.32 (5.19) | 15.06 (2.64) | 10.77 (3.85) | 7.64 (3.10) | <0.001 |
| Alternating fluency (60 sec) | 14.61 (4.12) | 13.29 (3.67) | 8.35 (3.39) | 6.14 (3.25) | <0.001 |
| Memory | |||||
| HVLT Learn1 (/12) | 7.29 (1.66) | 6.77 (1.52) | 5.51 (2.13) | 3.43 (1.65) | <0.001 |
| HVLT Learn total (/36) | 28.06 (4.12) | 26.90 (3.05) | 23.33 (4.11) | 16.36 (4.89) | <0.001 |
| HVLT delayed recall (/12) | 9.84 (1.71) | 9.97 (1.78) | 8.07 (2.18) | 4.71 (2.87) | <0.001 |
| HVLT recognition hits (/12) | 11.42 (0.81) | 11.58 (0.81) | 11.21 (0.94) | 9.79 (1.72) | <0.001 |
| HVLT number of intrusions | 1.10 (1.56) | 1.45 (2.22) | 2.33 (3.18) | 3.29 (2.23) | 0.023 |
| Language | |||||
| Boston naming test (/15) | 13.77 (1.28) | 13.35 (1.78) | 11.14 (2.59) | 10.64 (2.95) | <0.001 |
| Semantic fluency (animals in 60 sec) | 25.58 (4.89) | 20.26 (3.60) | 15.02 (4.07) | 10.64 (5.31) | <0.001 |
| Visuospatial functions | |||||
| Judgment of line orientation (/15) | 12.90 (2.01) | 12.45 (2.67) | 10.74 (2.88) | 7.14 (3.03) | <0.001 |
WAIS‐R= Wechsler for adults intelligence scale revised; SDMT= Symbol digit modalities test; HVLT = Hopkins verbal learning test.