Table 1.
Risk factor | Outcome | Study type | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
RCTs (n) | Prospective observational studies (n) | Case–control studies (n) | ||
Unsafe water, sanitation, and handwashing | ||||
Unsafe water source – chlorination or solar (point of use treatment) | Diarrheal diseases | 25 | 6 | |
Unsafe water source – piped | Diarrheal diseases | 1 | 9 | |
Unsafe water source – filter | Diarrheal diseases | 11 | 2 | |
Unsafe water source – improved water | Diarrheal diseases | 0 | 5 | |
Unsafe sanitation – piped | Diarrheal diseases | 0 | 7 | |
Unsafe sanitation – improved sanitation | Diarrheal diseases | 1 | 11 | |
No access to handwashing facility | Diarrheal diseases | 19 | 0 | |
No access to handwashing facility | Lower respiratory infections | 8 | 11 | |
Air pollution: Particulate matter pollution | ||||
Ambient particulate matter pollution | Lower respiratory infections | 0 | 17 | |
Ambient particulate matter pollution | Tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer | 0 | 30 | |
Ambient particulate matter pollution | Ischemic heart disease | 0 | 16 | |
Ambient particulate matter pollution | Ischemic stroke | 0 | 30 | |
Ambient particulate matter pollution | Intracerebral hemorrhage | 0 | 30 | |
Ambient particulate matter pollution | Subarachnoid hemorrhage | 0 | 30 | |
Ambient particulate matter pollution | Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 0 | 12 | |
Ambient particulate matter pollution | Diabetes mellitus type 2 | 0 | 8 | |
Household air pollution from solid fuels | Lower respiratory infections | 2 | 8 | 17 |
Household air pollution from solid fuels | Tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer | 0 | 0 | 28 |
Household air pollution from solid fuels | Ischemic heart disease | 0 | 2 | 2 |
Household air pollution from solid fuels | Ischemic stroke | 0 | 1 | |
Household air pollution from solid fuels | Intracerebral hemorrhage | 0 | 1 | |
Household air pollution from solid fuels | Subarachnoid hemorrhage | 0 | 1 | |
Household air pollution from solid fuels | Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 0 | 0 | 11 |
Household air pollution from solid fuels | Diabetes mellitus type 2 | 0 | 1 | |
Household air pollution from solid fuels | Cataract | 0 | 0 | 8 |
Ambient ozone pollution | Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 0 | 3 | |
Other environmental risks | ||||
Residential radon | Tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer | 0 | 1 | 29 |
Lead exposure | Idiopathic developmental intellectual disability | 0 | 8 | |
Lead exposure | Systolic blood pressure | 0 | 3 | 1 |
Note: See original table for primary references. (Adapted from Appendix 1, Table 1 Stanaway et al. 2018).