Table 1.
Epidemiological and clinical features
| ID | Gender/age | MRI | Ictal symptoms | Scalp EEG telemetry | Time‐span EEG/MEG‐iEEG (mo) | SEEG | SOZ size (cm2) | Surgery/outcome | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Interictal | Ictal | No. electrodes and target | Interictal | Ictal | |||||||
| 1 | M/33 | L P FCD | Sensory sensation right shoulder | L CP | L CP | — | — | — | — | Small (32.05) | — |
| 2 | M/15 | R F Parasagittal FCD | L arm asymmetric posture, with extension and elevation. Grimace, head to the L side. | R FC | R FC | 4 | 3, R C A, SMA, FCD | Lesion | Lesion | small (41.60) | Small cortical resection/Engel IV after 3 years |
| 3 | F/24 | L anterior F parasagittal FCD | Brief and repetitive nocturnal arousal, moaning, sometimes head to the L. | Bil F, L>R | Bil F | 2 | 8 Electrodes (4 R and 4 L) targeting orbitofrontal, C A, C P, lesion (and contralateral corresponding area) | Maximum left superior cingulate and FCD + Bilateral Frontal | Bil F, maximum in the lesion and perilesional areas. | Large (132.03) | Cortical resection/Engel 4 after 1 year |
| 4 | F/24 | R F FCD | Head deviation to the L, then secondary GTCS | Bil F, R>L | Bil F, R>L | 58 | 9 Electrodes (2 L, 7 R). L: orbitofrontal, anterior cingulate; R: frontopolar, orbitofrontal, C A, C middle, SMA Ant, SMA Post, Hipp | Bilateral F, Right>L | Widespread R F. At times ictal activity starting from L F. | Large (247.22) | — |
| 5 | M/39 | Non lesional | L face and arm clonic movements | R FCT | R FCT | 24 | 8 electrodes (6 R, 2 L). R: Hipp, orbitofrontal, SMA Ant, SMA Post, Cing post, insula; L: SMA Ant, SMA Post | Right FC parasagittal | R FC parasagittal | Small (34.78) | — |
| 6 | M/38 | R orbitofrontal FCD | Facial grimacing, giggling, slight head deviation to either side | R FT | R FT | 5 | 8 R electrodes. Amigdala, Hipp, F Ant, Orbitofrontal, C Ant, C Post, SMA Ant, SMA Post | Right orbitofrontal lateral | R orbitofrontal lateral | Small (23.72) | Small Cortical resection/Engel I after 1 year |
| 7 | M/30 | Post Quad double cortex | Sensation of weakness and tiring, staring, loss of consciousness | R Post Quad | R Post Quad | — | — | — | — | Large (288.84) | — |
| 8 | F/22 | L anterior cingulate and orbitofrontal FCD | “buzz” sensation head and shoulders (R>L), speech arrest, staring | L FCT | L FCT | 6 | 7 L electrodes. Insula Ant, Hipp Ant, Hipp Post, F Ant, orbitofrontal, cingulate Ant, cingulate middle | Widespread FT, maximum in the L Cing Ant and T Ant | L Cing Ant and T Ant | Large (201.09) | Two surgeries/Engel IV after 1 year |
| 9 | M/42 | Non‐lesional | Confusion, speech impairment, head to the R, secondary GTCS | Bil T and bil FC | Bil FC | 3 | 9 Electrodes (5 L, 4 R). R: hipp, orbitofrontal, gyrus rectus, Cing Ant, Cing Post superior; L: hipp, orbitofrontal, Cing Ant and Cing superior | L: T neocortical, hipp, sometimes orbitofrontal and Cing Ant | Unclear onset, ictal generator not identified after two implantations | ||
| 10 | F/22 | L post‐C FCD | Tingling sensation right shoulder | L post‐C | L post‐C | — | — | — | — | Small (28.10) | — |
| 11 | F/36 | Non‐lesional | Ill‐defined sensation of blurry vision or non‐lateralized “bright‐spots”, speech arrest, right beating nistagmus, R head deviation, occasional right face twitching | L Post Quad | L Post Quad | 1 | 9 L electrodes. Cing Ant, amigdala, hipp Ant, hipp Post, fusiform gyrus, Cing Post, pre‐cuneus, O superior, O inferior | L cuneus, lingual girus, fusiform girus, widespread TPO, mesial temporal | TPO junction and hippocampus, cuneus. | Large (291.94) | — |
| 12 | F/21 | Non‐lesional | Blinking, head to the R, confusion | L F | L F | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 13 | F/24 | Non‐lesional | L arm down, uprising chest sensation, complex visual hallucination, blinking. | R Post Quad, L FCT | R Post Quad, L FC | 2 | 13 (9 R and 4 L). L: SMA, Cing Ant, Cing Post, hipp. R: hipp, fusiform gyrus, O inferior, Cing, precuneus, SMA, Cing Ant, insula Ant, insula Post | Multifocal | Multifocal | Large (183.48) | — |
L = left; R = right; Bil = bilateral; Ant = anterior; Post = posterior; F = frontal; C = central; P = parietal; T = temporal; O = occipital; Post Quad= posterior quadrant; GTCS: generalized tonic clonic seizure; FCD: focal cortical dysplasia; SMA = supplementary motor area; C= cingulate; HipP = hippocampus; Cing = cingulate.