Table 2.
Neuropsychological and behavioral features of patients with motor neuron disease
| MND‐motor patients | MND‐plus patients | P | |
|---|---|---|---|
| General Cognition | |||
| MMSE (cut‐off 24) | 28.72 ± 1.16 | 27.11 ± 2.33 | <0.001 |
| Reasoning and executive functions | |||
| Raven's coloured progressive matrices (cut‐off 18) | 30.40 ± 3.66 | 25.98 ± 5.29 | <0.001 |
| Phonemic fluency (cut‐off 17) | 30.20 ± 9.11 | 23.66 ± 9.32 | <0.001 |
| Semantic fluency (cut‐off 25) | 40.72 ± 9.34 | 33.62 ± 10.05 | <0.001 |
| Phonemic fluency index | 6.32 ± 3.91 | 9.61 ± 8.43 | 0.03 |
| Semantic fluency index | 4.46 ± 1.40 | 5.40 ± 2.47 | 0.04 |
| Digit span backward (cut‐off 3.29) | 4.32 ± 0.99 | 3.57 ± 1.14 | 0.001 |
| CET (cut‐off 18) | 13.47 ± 2.75 | 15.09 ± 4.06 | 0.045 |
| WCST (cut‐off 90.5) | 52.50 ± 36.25 | 80.08 ± 43.20 | 0.002 |
| Weigl's Sorting test (cut‐off 4.50) | 12.66 ± 2.32 | 10.79 ± 3.66 | 0.01 |
| Verbal memory | |||
| Digit span forward (cut‐off 3.75) | 5.70 ± 1.17 | 5.17 ± 0.98 | 0.02 |
| RAVLT, immediate recall (cut‐off 28.53) | 43.67 ± 10.27 | 35.60 ± 12.36 | 0.001 |
| RAVLT, delayed recall (cut‐off 4.69) | 8.43 ± 2.91 | 7.12 ± 3.91 | 0.07 |
| Language | |||
| Oral noun confrontation naming subtest of BADA | 29.46 ± 0.71 | 27.84 ± 2.71 | <0.001 |
| Behavioral disturbances | |||
| FBI | 1.08 ± 2.19 | 6.68 ± 7.49 | <0.001 |
| ALS‐FTD questionnaire (cut‐off 22) | 7.33 ± 6.68 | 23.17 ± 14.03 | 0.03 |
| Depression | |||
| HDRS | 7.17 ± 4.90 | 6.08 ± 4.95 | 0.35 |
Values are means ± standard deviations. P values refer to ANOVA models. Abbreviations: CET=Cognitive Estimation Test; HC= healthy controls; HDRS=Hamilton Depression Rating Scale; FBI= Frontal behavioral inventory; MMSE= Mini Mental State Examination; MND‐motor= MND patients with a pure motor syndrome; MND‐plus= MND patients with cognitive and/or behavioral symptoms; RAVLT=Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test; WCST=Wisconsin Card Sorting Test.