Table 2.

AHSCT-related complications that commonly affect multiple sclerosis patients

	MS-related risk factors	Supportive measures to prevent and/or treat complications
Early adverse effects of AHSCT
ATG-fever	Cytokine release	Steroids, antipyretics, exclude sepsis
Worsening of neurological symptoms	Fever (infection/ATG-fever)	Treatment of infection with antimicrobials Treatment of ATG-fever
Urinary tract infections	Altered bladder function Urinary catheters to minimize the risk of haemorrhagic cystitis	Antimicrobials Good rehydration
Haemorrhagic cystitis	Altered bladder function	Urinary catheter Good rehydration
EBV reactivation	Previous exposure to EBV	Close blood monitoring for EBV DNA
CMV reactivation	Previous exposure to CMV	Close blood monitoring for CMV DNA
Pneumonia	Muscular weakness Immobility	Antimicrobials Early mobilization
Deep vein thrombosis risk	Immobility Limb weakness	Early mobilization Anticoagulants
Falls	Limb weakness/disability Dehydration	Physiotherapy Fluid monitoring
Late adverse effects
Secondary autoimmune diseases	Pretreatment with Alemtuzumab or ATG	Close follow up and monitoring Input from other medical specialities

ATG, antithymocyte globulin; CMV, cytomegalovirus; EBV, Epstein-Barr virus; MS, multiple sclerosis.