Growth inhibition of intracellular MSSA by PenG-PL NPs. (A) Inhibitory effect of free penicillin G (free PenG) and PenG-PL NPs on intracellular bacteria. Mean ± SD (n=3). (**, p<0.01, ****, p<0.0001, t-test, double-tailed). (B) Cellular internalization of free penicillin G (free PenG) and PenG-PL NPs in A549 cells. Mean ± SD (n=3). (***, p<0.001, ****, p<0.0001, t-test, double-tailed).