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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Jan 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Hunger Environ Nutr. 2018 Aug 20;14(5):709–724. doi: 10.1080/19320248.2018.1491367

Table 3.

Differences in adiposity, metabolic parameters, and dietary intake between groups based on food security classification

Variable Food Secure Food Insecure F Value P Value
(Mean) (SD) (Mean) (SD)
Adipositya (n=218) n=143 n=75
   Waist Circumference, cm 70.49 10.86 72.17 12.24 2.65 0.11
   Body Fat (%) 24.84 8.70 25.92 9.66 0.75 0.39
   BMI z-score 0.96 0.96 1.21 1.04 1.75 0.19
   BMI percentile 75.98 24.96 80.56 24.09 0.96 0.33
Glucose and Insulin Indicesb (n=93) n=56 n=37
   Glucose (mg/dL)d 89.86 5.93 92.08 6.11 4.66 0.03*
   Insulin (μU/mL)e 8.85 7.31 10.45 7.23 4.21 0.04*
   HOMA-IR 1.99 1.69 2.37 1.64 4.39 0.04*
Lipidsa (n=99) n=60 n=39
   Total Cholesterol (mg/dL)f 151.25 24.64 159.79 34.96 1.78 0.19
   LDL-C (mg/dL)f 82.03 21.98 86.14 29.58 0.36 0.55
   HDL-C (mg/dL)f 55.98 10.67 58.51 12.09 1.80 0.18
   Triglycerides (mg/dL)g 66.20 27.71 75.69 33.14 2.26 0.14
Macronutrientsc (n=218) n=143 n=75
   Protein, g/d 54.91 55.30 64.77 57.58 0.26 0.61
   Carbohydrates, g/d 148.99 134.27 169.48 122.38 0.02 0.88
   Fat, g/d 53.38 54.87 62.06 54.48 0.23 0.63
   Saturated Fat, g/d 18.77 18.97 21.36 18.91 1.02 0.31
   Dietary Fiber, g/d 11.92 10.76 13.77 11.19 0.22 0.64
   Sugar, g/d 75.40 64.28 82.43 59.06 0.01 0.91
   Added Sugar, tsp/d 7.36 8.40 8.12 7.10 0.62 0.43
Food Groupsc (n=218) n=143 n=75
   Meat, Poultry, and Fish, OE 2.83 3.40 3.63 4.20 1.33 0.25
   Dairy, CE 1.37 1.15 1.50 1.16 0.01 0.92
   Whole Grains, OE 0.52 0.59 0.59 0.66 0.68 0.41
   Fruit, CE 1.40 1.29 1.41 1.26 0.17 0.68
   Vegetables, CE 0.87 0.90 1.07 0.98 3.18 0.08
   French Fries, freq 1.95 1.29 2.45 1.37 4.52 0.04*
   Legumes, CE 0.12 0.20 0.17 0.24 0.35 0.56
   Sugar Sweetened Beverages, freq 0.19 0.27 0.20 0.29 0.06 0.81

Abbreviations: G, grams; D, day; Tsp, teaspoon; TBS, tablespoon; CE, cup equivalent; OE, ounce equivalent; Freq, frequency; BMI, Body Mass Index; HOMA-IR, Homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance

a

Covariates: age (months), sex, school, and ethnicity/race

b

Covariates: age (months), sex, school, ethnicity/race, kcal, and BMI percentile

c

Covariates: age (months), sex, school, ethnicity/race, and kcal

d

To convert mg/dL glucose to mmol/L, multiply mg/dL glucose by 0.0555. To convert mmol/L glucose to mg/dL, multiply mmol/L by 18.0. Glucose of 89.86 mg/dL = 4.99mmol/L.

e

To convert μU/mL insulin to pmol/L, multiply μU/mL insulin by 6.945. To convert pmol/L insulin to μU/mL, multiply pmol/L by 6.95. Insulin of 8.85 μU/mL = 61.46 pmol/L.

f

To convert mg/dL cholesterol to mmol/L, multiply mg/dL by 0.0259. To convert mmol/L cholesterol to mg/dL, multiply mmol/L by 38.6. Cholesterol of 151.25 mg/dL = 3.92 mmol/L.

g

To convert mg/dL triglycerides to mmol/L, multiply mg/dL by 0.0113. To convert mmol/L triglyceride to mg/dL, multiply mmol/L by 88.6. Triglyceride of 66.20 mg/dL = 0.75 mmol/L.

*

Mean values were significantly different between groups: P<0.05