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. 2019 Nov 14;13:1224. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01224

FIGURE 1.

FIGURE 1

Proposed clausal mechanisms underlying bilingualism-induced delay of dementia. Cognitive reserve from the benefits of language experience on cognitive decline is caused by an increased adult neurogenesis, strengthened synaptogenesis, and enhanced functional connectivity. Bilinguals, accompanied with changes in brain structure, including white matter integrity and gray matter density, delay the onset of dementia.