Table 4.
Associations between the visibility of smoking in different spaces and the positive beliefs score, stratified by smoking status. (Smoking inequalities: learning from natural experiments—realist survey, Europe, 2016/17)
| Smoking visibility | Ever smokers | Never smokers | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Average positive beliefs score | β (95% CI)a | Average positive beliefs score | β (95% CI)a | |
| At home | ||||
| No | 0.83 | Ref | 0.59 | Ref |
| Yes | 0.83 | − 0.01 (− 0.05; 0.03) | 0.62 | 0.01 (− 0.02; 0.05) |
| At a friend’s home | ||||
| No | 0.80 | Ref | 0.58 | Ref |
| Yes | 0.85 | − 0.01 (− 0.05; 0.03) | 0.65 | 0.02 (− 0.00; 0.05) |
| At a bar or club | ||||
| Never goes here | 0.74 | − 0.04 (− 0.10; 0.03) | 0.49 | −0.08 (−0.12; −0.04) |
| No | 0.80 | Ref | 0.58 | Ref |
| Yes | 0.85 | 0.01 (− 0.05; 0.07) | 0.67 | 0.03 (− 0.01; 0.07) |
| At restaurants | ||||
| No | 0.80 | Ref | 0.56 | Ref |
| Yes | 0.85 | 0.02 (− 0.02; 0.06) | 0.63 | 0.03 (− 0.00; 0.05) |
| At a train or bus station | ||||
| No | 0.79 | Ref | 0.57 | Ref |
| Yes | 0.83 | 0.07 (0.01; 0.13) | 0.60 | 0.04 (0.00; 0.08) |
| At leisure/sports facilities | ||||
| Never goes here | 0.83 | 0.05 (− 0.01; 0.11) | 0.57 | 0.02 (− 0.02; 0.07) |
| No | 0.80 | Ref | 0.59 | Ref |
| Yes | 0.87 | 0.05 (0.02; 0.09) | 0.63 | 0.03 (0.00; 0.05) |
Associations presented in bold are statistically significant at the 95% confidence level (p < 0.05)
aControlled for age, gender, migrant background, parental education, best friends that smoke, parental smoking status, country and the reported visibility of smoking in the five other locations