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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Dec 1.
Published in final edited form as: Addiction. 2019 Aug 16;114(12):2229–2240. doi: 10.1111/add.14750

Figure 1.

Figure 1.

The Cholesky decomposition (i) common (ii) and independent (iii) pathway models to explain sources comorbid substance use (or misuse) in terms of genetic (A), shared environmental (C) and non-shared (E) environmental risks. For brevity, the shared environmental risk factors are omitted from the Cholesky. The common and independent pathway models include variable specific genetic (as1–4) and environmental (cs1–4, es1–4) risks unique to each substance. All latent variables (circles) are standardized. All pathways with single-headed arrows are estimated.