Table 2.
Variance component analysis for floral traits in 14 populations within two species of the D. scandens complex
| Level of variation | Herkogamy (mm2) | Protogyny (d2) | Bisexual phase (d2) | Second female phase (d2) | Total life span (d2) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Between species | 4.28 (73.16%) | 0 (0%) | 0.36 (30.25%) | 0.29 (2.47%) | 1.76 (13.31%) |
| Among population | 0.44 (7.58%) | 0.13 (14.23%) | 0.22 (18.67%) | 2.63 (22.24%) | 2.32 (17.49%) |
| Among individual | 1.13 (19.26%) | 0.24 (25.11%) | 0.15 (12.46%) | 2.95 (24.97%) | 2.78 (20.96%) |
| Among blossom | 0.57 (60.66%) | 0.46 (38.63%) | 5.94 (50.31%) | 6.39 (48.23%) | |
| Total | 5.85 | 0.94 | 1.18 | 11.81 | 13.25 |
| CV2 (%) | 50.90 | 12.89 | 5.21 | 89.63 | 10.81 |
Variance components were estimated as the random-effect variance of mixed-effect models fitted with restricted maximum likelihood (REML). For each level of variation, the absolute variance (σ2 in squared units) and the percentage of the total variance (in parentheses) are presented. Levels of variation were between species (n = 2; small-glanded vs. large-glanded), among populations (n = 14; nested within species), among individuals (n = 143; nested within populations and species) and among blossoms (for ontogenetic traits: n = 2 per individual, measured in a pollinated and an unpollinated blossom; nested within populations and species). The CV2 was computed as σ2/μ2 × 100, where σ2 is the total variance and μ is the trait mean. Herkogamy was measured as the anther–stigma distance on one blossom per individual.