Table 2.
Univariable and multivariable logistic regression prediction models for iron deficiency
| Variables | Univariable |
Multivariable |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Odds ratio (95% CI) | Z-value | P-value | P for interaction with sex | Odds ratio (95% CI) | Z-value | P-value | |
| Clinical parameters | |||||||
| Age (per 5 years) | 1.04 (1.01–1.08) | 2.40 | 0.016 | 0.464 | |||
| Sex (female vs. male) | 1.76 (1.44–2.15) | 5.58 | <0.001 | — | 1.42 (1.13–1.79) | 2.99 | 0.003 |
| BMI (per 5 kg/m2) | 1.02 (0.95–1.10) | 0.60 | 0.551 | 0.368 | |||
| Estimated protein intake (per 10 g/day) | 0.80 (0.74–0.86) | −5.74 | <0.001 | 0.405 | 0.87 (0.79–0.94) | −3.32 | 0.001 |
| Ischaemic aetiology (yes vs. no) | 1.11 (0.93–1.31) | 1.17 | 0.241 | 0.687 | |||
| LVEF (per 5%) | 1.03 (1.00–1.08) | 1.71 | 0.087 | 0.008 | |||
| Male | 0.98 (0.93–1.02) | −0.95 | 0.340 | ||||
| Female | 1.11 (1.02–1.19) | 2.54 | 0.011 | ||||
| Previous HF hospitalization (yes vs. no) | 1.04 (0.87–1.24) | 0.39 | 0.695 | 0.261 | |||
| NYHA functional class III/IV (vs. I/II) | 2.02 (1.70–2.40) | 7.95 | <0.001 | 0.899 | |||
| Systolic blood pressure (per 5 mmHg) | 1.01 (0.99–1.03) | 0.85 | 0.395 | 0.726 | |||
| Heart rate (per 5 b.p.m.) | 1.08 (1.05–1.10) | 6.10 | <0.001 | 0.157 | 1.06 (1.04–1.09) | 3.83 | <0.001 |
| Peripheral oedema (yes vs. no) | 1.97 (1.67–2.34) | 7.90 | <0.001 | 0.649 | 1.36 (1.12–1.66) | 3.03 | 0.002 |
| Elevated JVP (yes vs. no) | 1.69 (1.35–2.12) | 4.59 | <0.001 | 0.735 | |||
| Hepatomegaly (yes vs. no) | 1.16 (0.91–1.48) | 1.23 | 0.220 | 0.116 | |||
| Orthopnoea (yes vs. no) | 1.96 (1.64–2.36) | 7.28 | <0.001 | 0.927 | 1.33 (1.07–1.66) | 2.59 | 0.010 |
| Comorbidities | |||||||
| Atrial fibrillation (yes vs. no) | 1.11 (0.94–1.31) | 1.25 | 0.211 | 0.016 | |||
| Male | 1.02 (0.84–1.23) | 0.19 | 0.850 | ||||
| Female | 1.69 (1.17–2.44) | 2.82 | 0.005 | ||||
| Diabetes mellitus (yes vs. no) | 1.56 (1.30–1.88) | 4.80 | <0.001 | 0.539 | |||
| COPD (yes vs. no) | 1.34 (1.07–1.68) | 2.54 | 0.011 | 0.165 | |||
| Renal disease (yes vs. no) | 1.98 (1.62–2.41) | 6.76 | <0.001 | 0.474 | 1.62 (1.28–2.04) | 4.07 | <0.001 |
| Device therapy (yes vs. no) | 1.08 (0.89–1.31) | 0.81 | 0.419 | 0.133 | |||
| Laboratory | |||||||
| Anaemiaa (yes vs. no) | 2.49 (2.07–3.00) | 9.64 | <0.001 | 0.201 | |||
| Haemoglobin (per g/dL) | 0.75 (0.71–0.78) | −11.77 | <0.001 | 0.216 | 0.79 (0.74–0.83) | −7.87 | <0.001 |
| CRP (per doubling) | 1.48 (1.40–1.57) | 13.66 | <0.001 | 0.805 | 1.39 (1.30–1.48) | 10.14 | <0.001 |
| AST (per doubling) | 0.97 (0.87–1.09) | −0.45 | 0.653 | 0.740 | |||
| ALT (per doubling) | 0.94 (0.86–1.02) | −1.44 | 0.150 | 0.467 | |||
| γ-GT (per doubling) | 0.99 (0.84–1.24) | −0.18 | 0.859 | 0.967 | |||
| Alkaline phosphatase (per doubling) | 1.06 (0.89–1.26) | 0.65 | 0.516 | 0.186 | |||
| Total bilirubin (per doubling) | 1.08 (0.98–1.18) | 1.57 | 0.116 | 0.942 | |||
| Sodium (per mmol/L) | 0.97 (0.94–0.99) | −3.19 | 0.001 | 0.162 | |||
| Potassium (per mmol/L) | 0.81 (0.70–0.94) | −2.73 | 0.006 | 0.182 | |||
| NT-proBNP (per doubling) | 1.23 (1.16–1.30) | 6.95 | <0.001 | 0.028 | |||
| Male | 1.26 (1.18–1.35) | 6.91 | <0.001 | ||||
| Female | 1.08 (0.96–1.22) | 1.25 | 0.211 | ||||
| Creatinin (per doubling) | 1.35 (1.15–1.58) | 3.74 | <0.001 | 0.027 | |||
| Male | 1.69 (1.40–2.05) | 5.40 | <0.001 | ||||
| Female | 1.09 (0.78–1.53) | 0.52 | 0.604 | ||||
| eGFR (per doubling) | 0.79 (0.69–0.91) | −3.39 | 0.001 | 0.162 | |||
| Albumin (per 5 g/L) | 0.81 (0.77–0.86) | −8.09 | <0.001 | 0.776 | 0.93 (0.87–0.98) | −2.46 | 0.014 |
| Urea (per doubling) | 1.26 (1.15–1.38) | 4.90 | <0.001 | 0.387 | |||
| Medication | |||||||
| Loop diuretics (yes vs. no) | NA | ||||||
| Beta-blockers on target dose (yes vs. no) | 0.84 (0.59–1.21) | −0.92 | 0.359 | 0.716 | |||
| ACEi/ARB on target dose (yes vs. no) | 0.89 (0.70–1.13) | −0.94 | 0.346 | 0.472 | |||
| Aldosterone antagonist (yes vs. no) | 0.80 (0.68–0.94) | −2.64 | 0.008 | 0.745 | |||
| Proton-pump inhibitors (yes vs. no) | 1.58 (1.32–1.88) | 4.99 | <0.001 | 0.197 | |||
| P2Y12 inhibitors (yes vs. no) | 1.57 (1.23–2.00) | 3.64 | <0.001 | 0.693 | 1.64 (1.24–2.16) | 3.47 | 0.001 |
| Acetylsalicylic acid (yes vs. no) | 1.04 (0.88–1.22) | 0.42 | 0.674 | 0.225 | |||
| Anticoagulants (yes vs. no) | 1.01 (0.86–1.20) | 0.17 | 0.866 | 0.156 | |||
ACEi, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CRP, C-reactive protein; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; γ-GT, gamma-glutamyltransferase; JVP, jugular venous pressure; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; NT-proBNP, N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide.
a
Anaemia was defined as a haemoglobin level <12 g/dL in women and <13 g/dL in men.