Table 2.
Pooled HRs (95% CIs) for incident type 2 diabetes according to categories of updated 4-year changes in beverage consumption
| Changes in beverage consumption | P values for trend | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Decrease | No change or relatively stable | Increase | ||||
| >0.50 serving/day | >0.07–0.50 serving/day | ±0.07 serving/day | >0.07–0.50 serving/day | >0.50 serving/day | ||
| Total sugary beverages | ||||||
| Cases/person-years | 2,505/543,788 | 2,667/653,244 | 2,265/581,435 | 2,304/556,698 | 3,165/448,048 | |
| Model 1 | 1.07 (0.97, 1.17) | 0.95 (0.91, 0.99) | 1.00 | 1.13 (1.04, 1.22) | 1.46 (1.28, 1.66) | 0.09 |
| Model 2 | 0.96 (0.87, 1.05) | 0.99 (0.95, 1.03) | 1.00 | 1.06 (0.98, 1.16) | 1.16 (1.01, 1.34) | <0.0001 |
| SSBs | ||||||
| Cases/person-years | 1,863/379,716 | 2,291/556,655 | 4,190/1,043,090 | 1,954/476,621 | 1,608/327,128 | |
| Model 1 | 1.29 (1.22, 1.37) | 1.05 (1.00, 1.10) | 1.00 | 1.07 (1.01, 1.12) | 1.33 (1.25, 1.41)* | 0.86 |
| Model 2 | 1.01 (0.94, 1.09) | 1.02 (0.95, 1.09) | 1.00 | 1.03 (0.97, 1.09) | 1.09 (1.03, 1.17) | 0.006* |
| 100% fruit juices | ||||||
| Cases/person-years | 1,088/247,199 | 3,056/721,009 | 4,081/1,003,887 | 2,693/605,468 | 988/205,648 | |
| Model 1 | 1.06 (1.00, 1.14) | 1.06 (1.01, 1.11) | 1.00 | 1.11 (1.05, 1.16) | 1.16 (1.08, 1.24) | 0.04 |
| Model 2 | 1.04 (0.96, 1.13) | 1.03 (0.97, 1.08) | 1.00 | 1.09 (1.03, 1.14) | 1.15 (1.07, 1.23) | 0.004 |
| ASBs | ||||||
| Cases/person-years | 2,611/506,409 | 1,755/422,705 | 4,136/1,118,683 | 1,379/336,870 | 2,025/398,544 | |
| Model 1 | 1.21 (1.09, 1.34) | 0.93 (0.89, 0.97) | 1.00 | 1.23 (1.13, 1.33) | 1.87 (1.65, 2.12) | 0.60 |
| Model 2 | 1.05 (0.94, 1.17) | 1.00 (0.95, 1.04) | 1.00 | 1.03 (0.95, 1.13) | 1.18 (1.02, 1.36) | 0.001 |
One beverage serving is 8 ounces. Results of the three cohorts were pooled using an inverse variance–weighted, fixed-effect meta-analysis. Models were adjusted as follows. Model 1: adjusted for age and stratified by calendar year in 4-year intervals. Model 2: model 1 adjustments + race (white or nonwhite); family history of diabetes (yes/no); physical examination during the 4-year cycle (yes/no); menopausal status and postmenopausal hormone use (premenopausal, postmenopausal + current use, postmenopausal + past use, postmenopausal + never use, or missing indicator) and oral contraceptive use (never, current, past, or missing indicator); smoking status (never to never, never to current, past to past, past to current, current to past, current to current, or missing indicator); initial and change in physical activity level (MET-h/week, quintiles); initial and change in alcohol consumption (g/day, quintiles); initial BMI (<21.0, 21.0–24.9, 25.0–29.9, 30.0–31.9, ≥32.0 kg/m2); initial calorie intake (quintiles); initial and change in AHEI score (calculated without the alcohol and sugary beverage components, quintiles); initial and change in intakes of water, coffee, tea, and milk (servings/day, quintiles or tertiles); initial intakes of sugary beverages, or SSBs and fruit juices, and ASBs (servings/day; depending on the model, quintiles or tertiles); and changes in ASBs, fruit juices, SSBs, or sugary beverages (servings/day; depending on the model, quintiles).
P for heterogeneity < 0.05.