Table 2.
Logistic Regression Model for Hearing Difficulties With Industry Type, Demographic, Health, and Lifestyles Factors, and Noise Exposure.
| Factors | Step 1 |
Step 2 |
Step 3 |
Step 4 |
||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| χ2(3) = 27.83, p < .001; R2 = .01 |
χ2(6) = 251.51, p < .001; R2= .11 |
χ2(10) = 11.99, p = .29; R2 = .11 |
χ2(2) = 6.55, p = .04; R2 = .12 |
|||||||||||||
| Wald χ2 | OR | 95% CI |
Wald χ2 | OR | 95% CI |
Wald χ2 | OR | 95% CI |
Wald χ2 | OR | 95% CI |
|||||
| Lower | Upper | Lower | Upper | Lower | Upper | Lower | Upper | |||||||||
| Industry type | ||||||||||||||||
| Industry (vs. finance) | 27.31*** | – | – | – | 24.17*** | – | – | – | 23.67*** | – | – | – | 16.26** | – | – | – |
| Agricultural | 8.53** | 1.63 | 1.18 | 2.27 | 11.23*** | 1.79 | 1.27 | 2.52 | 11.38*** | 1.81 | 1.28 | 2.55 | 8.57** | 1.68 | 1.19 | 2.38 |
| Construction | 21.59*** | 1.60 | 1.31 | 1.94 | 15.78*** | 1.58 | 1.26 | 1.97 | 15.04*** | 1.56 | 1.25 | 1.96 | 8.03** | 1.42 | 1.11 | 1.80 |
| Music | ||||||||||||||||
| 1.32 | .059 | 0.24 | 1.46 | 1.44 | 0.57 | 0.23 | 1.43 | 1.44 | 0.57 | 0.23 | 1.43 | 2.05 | 0.51 | 0.20 | 1.28 | |
| Demographic factors | ||||||||||||||||
| Age | 173.46*** | 1.10 | 1.08 | 1.11 | 147.30*** | 1.10 | 1.08 | 1.11 | 148.03*** | 1.10 | 1.08 | 1.12 | ||||
| Gender (vs. female) | 0.44 | 0.92 | 0.72 | 1.18 | 0.38 | 0.93 | 0.72 | 1.19 | 0.94 | 0.88 | 0.69 | 1.14 | ||||
| Ethnicity (vs. White) | 53.65*** | 3.32 | 2.41 | 4.58 | 50.59*** | 3.35 | 2.40 | 4.68 | 51.21*** | 3.38 | 2.42 | 4.72 | ||||
| Townsend (vs. most affluent) | 17.33*** | – | – | – | 15.79** | – | – | – | 14.87** | – | – | – | ||||
| Second quartile | 2.95 | 1.27 | 0.97 | 1.67 | 2.90 | 1.27 | 0.97 | 1.67 | 2.80 | 1.26 | 0.96 | 1.66 | ||||
| Third quartile | 11.28*** | 1.59 | 1.21 | 2.08 | 10.55** | 1.57 | 1.19 | 2.05 | 9.87** | 1.54 | 1.18 | 2.02 | ||||
| Most deprived | 13.88*** | 1.72 | 1.29 | 2.29 | 12.60*** | 1.69 | 1.26 | 2.25 | 12.00*** | 1.67 | 1.25 | 2.23 | ||||
| Lifestyle factors | ||||||||||||||||
| Smoking status (vs. nonsmoker) | 4.74 | – | – | – | 3.89 | – | – | |||||||||
| Current smoker | 4.28* | 1.42 | 1.02 | 1.97 | 3.57 | 1.38 | 0.99 | 1.90 | ||||||||
| Previous smoker | 1.54 | 1.14 | .93 | 1.41 | 1.18 | 1.12 | 0.91 | 1.39 | ||||||||
| Alcohol drinker (vs. nondrinker) | 0.03 | 0.97 | 0.66 | 1.41 | 0.03 | 0.97 | 0.66 | 1.42 | ||||||||
| BMI | 1.71 | 0.98 | 0.96 | 1.01 | 2.01 | 0.98 | 0.96 | 1.01 | ||||||||
| Diabetes (vs. no) | 0.14 | 0.92 | 0.60 | 1.41 | 0.11 | 0.93 | 0.61 | 1.43 | ||||||||
| Cardiovascular disease (vs. no) | 0.01 | 1.02 | 0.73 | 1.42 | 0.03 | 1.03 | .74 | 1.44 | ||||||||
| High cholesterol (vs. low) | 0.50 | 1.10 | 0.85 | 1.42 | 0.44 | 1.09 | 0.84 | 1.41 | ||||||||
| Hypertension (vs. no) | 0.69 | 0.91 | 0.74 | 1.13 | 0.69 | 0.91 | 0.74 | 1.13 | ||||||||
| Physically inactive (vs. active) | 0.65 | 1.09 | 0.88 | 1.34 | 0.76 | 1.10 | 0.89 | 1.35 | ||||||||
| Ototoxic medication (vs. no) | 2.53 | 1.19 | 0.96 | 1.46 | 2.30 | 1.18 | 0.95 | 1.45 | ||||||||
| Noise exposure | ||||||||||||||||
| Work noise exposure (vs. low) | .5.58* | 1.33 | 1.05 | 1.68 | ||||||||||||
| Music noise Exposure (vs. low) | 0.53 | 1.17 | 0.83 | 1.50 | ||||||||||||
| Constant | 1,394.72*** | 0.08 | – | – | 354.53*** | 2.50 × 10−4 | – | – | 166.13*** | 3.63 ×10−4 | – | – | 165.59*** | 3.40 ×10−4 | – | – |
Note. Total: n = 5,603; agricultural: n = 425, construction: n = 1,871, music: n = 114, finance: n = 3,193. BMI = body mass index; CI = confidence interval.
*p < .05. **p < .01. ***p < .001.