Table 1.
Chromatin modifiers, binding factors and functions of selected PTMs on histones
| Histones | Modification | Modifiers | Binding factors | Functions | Reference | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| H2A | K119Ub1 | RING1A/B | BAP1, USP16, USP21, 2A-DUB, USP3, USP22 | Transcriptional repression | [12, 13] | |
| H2AX | S139p (γH2AX) | ATM, ATR, DNA-PK | PP2A, Wip1, PP6 and PP4 | MDC1, CRB2 | DNA repair | [14] |
| H2B | K120Ub1 | RNF20, RNF40 | USP3, USP7, USP22 | Transcriptional activation, DNA damage response | [15] | |
| H3 | K4me1/2/3 | SET1A/B, MLL1-4 | KDM1A/B, KDM2A/B, KDM5A/B/C/D | BRWD2/PHIP, MLL,TAF3, CHD1,RAG2, BPTF, PHF2/6/8, JMJD2 | Transcriptional activation | [16–18] |
| K9me1/2/3 | Suv39H1/2, G9a, GLP, SETDB1 | KDM1A, KDM3A/B, JMJD1C, KMD4A/B/C/D | HP1, ATRX | Transcriptional activation (K9me1), repression (K9me2/3), X-inactivation and imprinting (K9me2) | [19] | |
| S10p | Aurora B, MSK/RSK/Jil-1 | PP2A, PP1 | 14–3-3ζ | Mitosis, meiosis, transcriptional activation | [20] | |
| R26me2 | CARM1 | PADI4 | Transcriptional activation | [21] | ||
| K27 ac | CBP/p300 | HDACs | BRDs | Transcriptional activation | [22] | |
| K27me1/2/3 | EZH1/2 | KDM6A/B, KDM7A, PHF8 | EED, PC, CBX7 | Transcriptional activation (K27me1); Transcriptional silencing, X-inactivation, bivalent genes/gene poising (K27me2/3) | [23] | |
| K36me1/2/3 | NSD1–3, SETD2/3, ASH1L, SETMAR, SMYD2 | KDM2A/B, KDM4A/B/C/D, JHDM1A | ZYMND11, PHF19, LEDGF | Transcriptional elongation, repression, DNA repair | [19] | |
| K79me1/2/3 | DOT1L | ? | p53BP1 | Transcriptional activation | [24] | |
| H4 | K20me1 | PR-Set7 | LSD1n | CRB2, p53BP1 | Transcriptional activation | [25, 26] |
| K20me2/3 | SUV4-20H1/2 | LSD1n, DPY-21 | CRB2, p53BP1, JMJD2 | Transcriptional silencing, Heterochromatin | [25, 27] | |
| K16 ac | MOF | HDACs, Sirt2 | BRDs | Transcriptional activation, DNA repair | [28, 29] | |