Table 1.
The description of characteristics by VSD vs. Controls (N, %)
| Before Propensity Score Matching | After Propensity Score Matching | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Controls (n = 262) | Cases (n = 202) | p value | Controls (n = 168) | Cases (n = 202) | p value | |
| Demographic and obstetric characteristics | ||||||
| Maternal ethnic | 0.838 | 0.759 | ||||
| Han | 254, 97.3 | 194, 97.0 | 162, 96.4 | 194, 97.0 | ||
| Other | 7, 2.7 | 6, 3.0 | 6, 3.6 | 6, 3.0 | ||
| Maternal age at delivery | 0.915 | 0.612 | ||||
| < 35 years old | 235, 91.1 | 180, 91.4 | 155, 92.8 | 180, 91.4 | ||
| ≥35 years old | 23, 8.9 | 17, 8.6 | 12, 7.5 | 17, 8.6 | ||
| Maternal education | 0.470 | 0.833 | ||||
| Middle school and below | 57, 22.1 | 53, 26.8 | 44, 26.7 | 53, 26.8 | ||
| High school | 46, 17.8 | 36, 18.2 | 34, 20.6 | 36, 18.2 | ||
| College and above | 155, 60.1 | 109, 55.1 | 87, 52.7 | 109, 55.1 | ||
| Marital status | 0.427 | 0.296 | ||||
| Married | 254, 98.1 | 196, 99.0 | 162, 97.6 | 196, 99.0 | ||
| Unmarried/divorced/widowed | 5, 1.9 | 2, 1.0 | 4, 2.4 | 2, 1.0 | ||
| Residence | 0.000 | 0.537 | ||||
| Urban | 163, 62.9 | 86, 43.2 | 78, 46.4 | 86, 43.2 | ||
| Suburban /rural | 96, 37.1 | 113, 56.8 | 90, 53.6 | 113, 56.8 | ||
| Maternal prepregnancy obesity | 0.285 | 0.535 | ||||
| Yes | 8, 3.3 | 3, 1.6 | 4, 2.6 | 3, 1.6 | ||
| No | 237, 96.7 | 182, 98.4 | 151, 97.4 | 182, 98.4 | ||
| Multiple births | 0.485 | 0.394 | ||||
| Yes | 22, 8.5 | 13, 6.6 | 15, 9.0 | 13, 6.6 | ||
| No | 238, 91.5 | 184, 93.4 | 152, 91.0 | 184, 93.4 | ||
| Infant gender | 0.001 | 0.704 | ||||
| Male | 168, 64.1 | 97, 48.0 | 84, 50.0 | 97, 48.0 | ||
| Female | 94, 35.9 | 105, 52.0 | 84, 50.0 | 105, 52.0 | ||
| Family history of CHD | 0.074 | 0.528 | ||||
| Yes | 6, 2.3 | 11, 5.6 | 5, 3.0 | 4, 2.0 | ||
| No | 250, 97.7 | 187, 94.4 | 160, 97.0 | 196, 98.0 | ||
| Maternal health indicators and behaviors | ||||||
| Smoking/drinking | 0.823 | 0.948 | ||||
| Yes | 21, 8.9 | 16, 8.3 | 13, 7.7 | 16, 7.9 | ||
| No | 215, 91.1 | 177, 91.7 | 155, 92.3 | 186, 92.1 | ||
| Diabetes/hypertension | 0.710 | 0.438 | ||||
| Yes | 33, 12.9 | 44, 22.7 | 15, 8.9 | 23, 11.4 | ||
| No | 222, 87.1 | 150, 77.3 | 153, 91.1 | 179, 88.6 | ||
| Folic acid supplementation | 0.044 | 0.083 | ||||
| Yes | 222, 84.7 | 204, 77.9 | 142, 84.5 | 150, 77.3 | ||
| No | 40, 15.3 | 58, 22.1 | 26, 15.5 | 44, 22.7 | ||
VSD Ventricular septal defect