Table 3.

Associations of maternal social supports and stressful life events with VSD in offspring

	Before Propensity Score Matching				After Propensity Score Matching
	Controls n = 262	Cases n = 202	Crude Model OR (95% CI)	Adjust Model aOR (95% CI)	Controls n = 168	Cases n = 202	OR (95% CI)
Social support index
0–4 (Low)	68	76	1	1	45	76	1
5–7 (Medium high)	95	67	0.631 (0.401, 0.992) *	0.523 (0.283, 0.967) *	64	67	0.620 (0.375, 1.025)
8 (High)	99	56	0.533 (0.337, 0.844) **	0.510 (0.321, 0.854) *	59	56	0.592 (0.353, 0.992) *
Stressful life event index
0 (Low)	167	111	1	1	106	111	1
1 (Medium high)	60	48	1.204 (0.768, 1.886)	1.190 (0.643, 2.201)	40	48	1.146 (0.697, 1.884)
≥ 2 (High)	26	39	2.257 (1.300, 3.916) **	2.342 (1.138, 4.819) *	16	39	2.328 (1.228, 4.414) **
Stressful Life event with social supporta
Low stress & High support	178	108	1		113	108	1
Low stress & Low support	49	51	1.715 (1.084, 2.715) *	2.059 (1.104, 3.841) *	33	51	1.617 (0.970, 2.696)
High stress & High support	13	17	2.155 (1.007, 4.612) *	2.699 (1.042, 6.988) *	8	17	2.223 (0.922, 5.364)
High stress & Low support	13	22	2.789 (1.349, 5.765) *	2.781 (1.033, 7.489) *	8	22	2.877 (1.228, 6.739) *

Adjusted Model: adjusted for maternal ethic, maternal age at delivery, maternal education, marital status, residence, maternal prepregnancy obesity, multiple births, infant gender, and family history of CHD, maternal smoking/drinking, maternal diabetes/hypertension, maternal folic acid supplementation

aOR adjusted odds ratio CI confidence interval OR odds ratio VSD Ventricular septal defect

^a Women were designated as having low event if the life events index score was 0–1 and as having high event if it was ≥2. Women were designated as having low social support if the social support index was 0–4 and as having high support if it was ≥5

* p value < 0.05; ** p value < 0.01