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. 2019 Nov 21;19:1130. doi: 10.1186/s12885-019-6284-y

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© The Author(s). 2019

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Fig. 1 — Schematic representation of the development of PC and associated genes in each stage. The precursor lesions (PanINs) give rise to PC in a multistage process that is mediated through consecutive genetic mutations starting with early K-RAS oncogenic activation and ending in multiple tumour suppressors silencing. Source: MS Powerpoint